U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics September 2020, NCJ 255113 # Criminal Victimization, 2019 Rachel E. Morgan, Ph.D., and Jennifer L. Truman, Ph.D., BJS Statisticians After rising from 1.1 million in 2015 to 1.4 million in 2018, the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault dropped to 1.2 million in 2019. This is the first statistically significant decrease in the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault since 2015, and it corresponds with a decline in the number of victims of rape or sexual assault from 2018 to 2019. Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the nation's largest crime survey, the portion of U.S. residents age 12 or older who were victims of one or more violent crimes excluding simple assault declined from 0.50% (about 1 in 200 persons) in 2018 to 0.44% (about 1 in 230 persons) in 2019, a 12% decrease (figure 1). Percent of U.S. residents age 12 or older who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault Note: Estimates include 95% confidence intervals. See table 18 for definitions and appendix table 1 for estimates and standard errors. Estimates for 2006 should not be compared to other years and are excluded from the 1993-2019 figure. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survev. 1993-2019. ## HIGHLIGHTS The rate of violent crime excluding simple assault declined 15% from 2018 to 2019, from 8.6 to 7.3 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Among females, the rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault fell 27% from 2018 to 2019. There were 880,000 fewer victims of serious crimes (generally felonies) in 2019 than in 2018, a 19% drop. From 2018 to 2019, 29% fewer black persons and 22% fewer white persons were victims of serious crimes. The rate of violent victimization in urban areas—based on the NCVS’s new classifications of urban, suburban, and rural areas—declined 20% from 2018 to 2019. Based on the 2019 survey, less than half (41%) of violent victimizations were reported to police. The percentage of violent victimizations reported to police was lower for white victims (37%) than for black (49%) or Hispanic victims (49%). The portion of violent incidents involving black offenders (25%) was 2.3 times the portion involving black victims (11%), while the portion involving Asian offenders (1.0%) was 0.4 times the portion involving Asian victims (2.3%). The rate of property crime declined 6% from 2018 (108.2 victimizations per 1,000 households) to 2019 (101.4 per 1,000). The percentage of households that were burglarized declined to the lowest level since the NCVS was redesigned in 1993. 3502-022 Page 1 of 53 EFTA_00001547 EFTA00156888 The percentage of households that experienced burglary (0.82%), which is unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places in connection with a completed or attempted theft, was the lowest since the NCVS was redesigned in 1993. After peaking in 1994 (2.89%), this type of crime has generally declined over time, hitting a new low in 2019 (figure 2). $ ^{1} $ The burglary prevalence rate fell 23% from 2018 to 2019. The NCVS is a self-reported survey administered annually from January 1 to December 31. Annual NCVS estimates are based on the number and characteristics of crimes respondents experienced during the prior 6 months, not including the month in which they were interviewed. Therefore, the 2019 survey covers crimes experienced from July 1, 2018 to November 30, 2019, and March 15, 2019 is the middle of the reference period. Crimes are classified by the year of the survey and not by the year of the crime. ## NCVS data can be used to produce— Prevalence estimates: The number or percentage of unique persons who were crime victims, or of unique households that experienced crime. Victimization estimates: The total number of times that people or households were victimized by crime. For personal crimes, the number of victimizations is the number of victims of that crime. Each crime against a household is counted as having a single victim—the affected household. **Incident estimates:** The number of specific criminal acts involving one or more victims. (See Measurement of crime in the National Crime Victimization Survey, page 29.) FIGURE 2 Percent of U.S. households who were victims of burglary, 1993-2019 Note: Estimates include 95% confidence intervals. Burglary is the unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed) where there was a completed or attempted theft. See appendix table 2 for estimates and standard errors. Estimates for 2006 should not be compared to other years and are excluded from this figure (see Criminal Victimization, 2007 (NCJ 224390, BJS, December 2008)). Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1993-2019. $$\text{1} \text{In this report, significance is reported at both the 90% and 95% confidence levels. See figures and tables for testing on specific findings.}$$ CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 2 3502-022 Page 2 of 53 EFTA_00001548 EFTA00156889 ## Victimization estimates Victimizations reflect the total number of times that people or households were victimized by crime. From 1993 to 2019, the rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault declined 75%, from 29.1 to 7.3 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older (figure 3). $ ^{2} $ (Simple assault is the category of violent victimization captured by the NCVS that is least likely to be prosecuted as a felony.) Similarly, the rate of violent victimization reported to police, excluding simple assault, declined 77% during this period, from 14.9 to 3.4 victimizations reported to police per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. ## The rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault decreased from 2018 to 2019 After increasing 27% from 2015 to 2018 (from 6.8 to 8.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older), the rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault declined 15% in 2019 (to 7.3 per 1,000) (table 1). This decrease was driven partly by a decline in rape or sexual assault victimizations, which declined from 2.7 per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in 2018 to 1.7 per 1,000 in 2019. ## FIGURE 3 Rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault and rate of violent victimization reported to police, excluding simple assault, 1993-2019 $$^2$$Violent crime excluding simple assault was called serious violent crime in NCVS reports prior to *Criminal Victimization*, 2018. Rate per 1,000 persons age 12 or older Note: Estimates include 95% confidence intervals. See appendix table 3 for estimates and standard errors. Estimates for 2006 should not be compared to other years and are excluded from this figure (see Criminal Victimization, 2007 (NCJ 224390, BJS, December 2008)). Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1993-2019. ## TABLE 1 Number and rate of violent victimizations, by type of crime, 2015-2019
Type of violent crime20152016201720182019*
NumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000a
Violent crimeb5,006,620$\dagger$18.65,353,82019.75,612,67020.66,385,52023.25,813,41021.0
Rape/sexual assaultc431,8401.6298,410$\ddagger$1.1$\ddagger$393,9801.4734,630$\dagger$2.7$\dagger$459,3101.7
Robbery578,5802.1458,8101.7613,8402.3573,1002.1534,4201.9
Assault3,996,200$\dagger$14.8$\ddagger$4,596,60016.94,604,85016.95,077,79018.44,819,68017.4
Aggravated assault816,760$\ddagger$3.01,040,5803.8993,1703.61,058,0403.81,019,4903.7
Simple assault3,179,440$\ddagger$11.83,556,02013.13,611,68013.34,019,75014.63,800,19013.7
Violent crime excluding simple assaultd1,827,1706.81,797,7906.62,000,9907.32,365,770$\dagger$8.6$\dagger$2,013,2207.3
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, and they include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Year-to-year statistically significant differences may vary from those previously reported. Previously, BJS created standard errors and presented testing for statistically significant differences among National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) estimates in this table using generalized variance function parameters, while this table uses the Balanced Repeated Replication method. See Methodology for more information on the differences between these methods of variance estimation. See appendix table 5 for standard errors. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. # Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aRate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers. bExcludes homicide because the NCVS is based on interviews with victims cSee Methodology for details on the measurement of rape or sexual assault in the NCVS. dIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019 3502-022 Page 3 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3 EFTA_00001549 EFTA00156890 From 2018 to 2019, there was no statistically significant change in the rate of total violent victimization, which includes simple assault. Based on the 2019 survey, about 65% of total violent victimizations were simple assault, with the remaining 35% being rape or sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated assault. There were no statistically significant changes in the rates of robbery, aggravated assault, or simple assault from 2018 to 2019. ## Rates of property victimization decreased from 2018 to 2019 The 2019 survey found that an estimated 12.8 million U.S. households experienced one or more property victimizations, which include burglaries, residential trespassing, motor-vehicle thefts, and other thefts (table 2). After remaining relatively stable from 2017 (108.4 victimizations per 1,000 households) to 2018 (108.2 per 1,000), the property-crime victimization ## TABLE 2 Number and rate of property victimizations, by type of crime, 2015-2019
20152016201720182019*
Type of property crimeNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000a
Total14,611,040110.7†15,815,310118.6†13,340,220108.4†13,502,840†108.2†12,818,000101.4
Burglary/trespassingb2,904,57022.0†3,160,45023.7†2,538,170†20.6†2,639,620†21.1†2,178,40017.2
Burglaryc2,020,73015.3†2,205,18016.5†1,688,89013.7†1,867,620†15.0†1,484,73011.7
Trespassingd883,8506.7‡955,2707.2†849,280‡6.9†772,0006.2693,6705.5
Motor-vehicle theft564,1604.3618,3304.6516,8104.2534,0104.3495,6703.9
Other thefte11,142,31084.412,036,53090.3†10,285,24083.610,329,21082.710,143,93080.2
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Categories include threatened, attempted, and completed crimes. The number of property crimes should not be compared from 2017, 2018, or 2019 to 2016 or 2015, as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) household weighting adjustment was updated for 2017 onward, which decreased the number of estimated households by about 8%. Property crime rates are unaffected by this change. See Methodology for details. Year-to-year statistically significant differences may vary from those previously reported. Previously, BJS created standard errors and presented testing for statistically significant differences among NCVS estimates in this table using generalized variance function parameters, while this table uses the Balanced Repeated Replication method. See Methodology for more information. See appendix table 6 for standard errors. | | | | :--- | :--- | | †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. | | #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aRate is per 1,000 households. See appendix table 35 for number of households. bCalled household burglary prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. Includes unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed), but does not include trespassing on land. cIncludes only crimes where the offender committed or attempted a theft. Estimates differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. aIncludes crimes where the offender did not commit or attempt a theft. Does not include trespassing on land. Estimates differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. eIncludes other unlawful taking or attempted unlawful taking of property or cash without personal contact with the victim. Incidents involving theft of property from within the same household would classify as theft if the offender has a legal right to be in the house (such as a maid, delivery person, or guest). If the offender has no legal right to be in the house, the incident would classify as a burglary. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## NCVS methods of variance estimation For surveys with complex sample designs, such as the NCVS, several methods can be used to estimate the magnitude of sampling error associated with an estimate. In previous reports, BJS has used both generalized variance function (GVF) parameters and direct-variance estimation for generating standard errors and testing statistically significant differences between NCVS estimates. Compared to GVFs, direct-variance estimation is generally considered more accurate in approximating the true variance. This year’s bulletin presents tables 1 and 2 using the Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) method, a form of direct-variance estimation, and continues to present other victimization and incidence estimates using GVFs (except for totals in tables 4, 9, 24, and 25 that are also presented in tables 1 and 2, and statistics in table 12 that are based on the new classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas). The Taylor Series Linearization (TSL) method, another form of direct-variance estimation, continues to be used to generate standard errors for prevalence estimates. BJS has an active research program on direct-variance estimation that seeks to improve the quality and accuracy of NCVS estimates. See Methodology for more details. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 4 of 53 4 EFTA_00001550 EFTA00156891 rate declined 6% from 2018 (108.2 per 1,000) to 2019 (101.4 per 1,000). This decline was partly due to a 22% decrease in burglary (15.0 to 11.7 burglaries per 1,000 households). As with the prevalence of burglary, this was the lowest observed rate of burglary victimization since the NCVS was redesigned in 1993. ## There were nearly 1.2 million domestic-violence victimizations The rate of domestic violence, which includes a subset of violent victimizations that were committed by intimate partners or family members, was 4.2 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, based on the 2019 survey (table 3). This was not a statistically significant change from the rate in 2018 (4.8 per 1,000). There were ## TABLE 3 Number and rate of violent victimizations, by selected characteristics of violent crime, 2018 and 2019
20182019*
Selected characteristics of violent crimeNumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000a
Domestic violenceb1,333,0504.81,164,5404.2
Intimate partner violencec847,2303.1695,0602.5
Stranger violenced2,493,7509.12,254,7408.1
Violent crime involving injury1,449,5305.31,265,6804.6
Violent crime involving a weapon1,329,7004.81,119,0604.0
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. They also include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Other violent-crime categories in this table, including domestic violence and violent crime involving injury, are not mutually exclusive from these categories or from each other. See appendix table 7 for standard errors. *Comparison year. aRate is tper 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers. bIncludes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by intimate partners or family members. cIncludes the subset of domestic-violence victimizations that were committed by intimate partners, which include current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends. dIncludes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by someone unknown to the victim. also no statistically significant changes in the rates of intimate-partner violence, stranger violence, violent crime involving injury, and violent crime involving a weapon, from 2018 to 2019. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. ## The rate of completed violent victimization decreased from 2018 to 2019 The NCVS measures completed, attempted, and threatened violent victimizations experienced by persons age 12 or older. From 2018 to 2019, the rate of completed violent victimizations decreased from 6.9 victimizations per 1,000 persons to 5.5 per 1,000 (table 4). There was no statistically significant change in the rate of attempted or threatened violent victimization from 2018 to 2019. ## TABLE 4 Rate of completed, attempted, and threatened violent victimizations, 2015-2019
Violent victimizations20152016201720182019*
Totala18.619.720.623.221.0
Completed6.05.15.66.9†5.5
Attempted6.46.06.87.27.0
Threatened6.1†8.58.29.28.5
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Rate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers. Violent-victimization categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. See appendix table 8 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aStatistically significant differences for the total victimization rates are presented using the Balanced Repeated Replication method. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate statistically significant differences for the rest of the table. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 5 3502-022 Page 5 of 53 | EFTA_00001551 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown representation of the provided image, preserving the original layout with headings, paragraphs, and table formatting. No additional content has been added. EFTA00156892 ## The Uniform Crime Reporting program and the National Crime Victimization Survey together provide a complementary picture of crime in the U.S. The Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) measures crime reported and not reported to police. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), measures only crime recorded by police. In 2018, the UCR reported that 3.7 total violent crimes (including murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) per 1,000 residents and 22.0 property crimes (including burglary and motor-vehicle theft) per 1,000 residents were known to law enforcement (table 5). The 2018 NCVS estimated that 4.3 violent crimes excluding simple assault per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, and 36.9 property crimes per 1,000 households, were reported to law enforcement. The 2019 NCVS estimated that 3.4 violent crimes excluding simple assault per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, and 33.0 property crimes per 1,000 households, were reported to law enforcement. $ ^{3} $ Because the NCVS and the UCR measure an overlapping, but not identical, set of offenses and use different approaches in measuring them, complete congruity should not be expected between estimates from these two sources. Restricting the NCVS to violent crime reported to police, and excluding simple assault, keeps the measures as similar as possible. However, significant methodological and definitional differences remain between how these violent crimes are measured in the NCVS and the UCR: The UCR includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, and commercial crimes (including burglary of commercial establishments), while the NCVS excludes those crime types. The UCR excludes sexual assault, which the NCVS includes.$^4$ The UCR property-crime rates are per person, while the NCVS's are per household. (There were 2.2 persons age 12 or older per household in 2019.) Moreover, because the number of households may not grow at the same rate each year as the total population, trend data for rates of property crimes measured by the two programs may not be entirely comparable. ## TABLE 5 Rates of crime reported to police in the Uniform Crime Reporting program and in the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019
Type of crime2018 UCR rate per 1,000 residentsaRate per 1,000 persons age 12 or older
2018 NCVS2019 NCVS
Violent crime excluding simple assault3.694.293.38
Murder0.05~~
Rape/sexual assaultb0.430.660.56
Robbery0.861.300.90
Aggravated assault2.472.321.92
$$\textcircled{4}$$Sexual assault includes a range of victimizations and is separate from rape or attempted rape. Sexual assault includes attacks or threatened attacks involving unwanted sexual contact between victim and offender, with or without force; grabbing or fondling; and verbal threats.
2018 UCR rate per 1,000 residentsaRate per 1,000 households
2018 NCVS2019 NCVS
Property crime21.9936.8933.00
Burglaryc3.767.116.03
Motor-vehicle theft2.293.363.12
## ~Not applicable. Note: National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program crime rates are calculated differently. UCR crime rates are normally reported per 100,000 persons but were recalculated for this report to align with the reporting of NCVS crime rates. See appendix table 9 for standard errors. aIncludes crimes against populations not included in the NCVS: persons age 11 or younger, persons who are homeless, persons who are institutionalized, and crimes against commercial establishments. bThe NCVS estimate includes sexual assault; the UCR does not. The UCR estimate is based on its revised definition of rape. See Methodology for details on the measurement of rape or sexual assault in the NCVS. cThe UCR defines burglary as forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, or attempted forcible entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. The NCVS defines burglary as the unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed), where there was a completed or attempted theft. NCVS estimates differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2018, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/topic-pages/tables/table-1. $$^{3}2019 \text{ UCR data had not been publicly released at the time this report was published.}$$ Continued on next page 3502-022 Page 6 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 6 EFTA_00001552 EFTA00156893 ## The Uniform Crime Reporting program and the National Crime Victimization Survey together provide a complementary picture of crime in the U.S. (continued) NCVS estimates are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of persons in U.S. households. UCR estimates are based on counts of crimes recorded by law enforcement agencies and are weighted to compensate for incomplete reporting. The NCVS does not measure crimes against persons who are homeless or who live in institutions (e.g., nursing homes and correctional institutions) or on military bases. Also, it does not measure crimes against children age 11 or younger. The UCR measures crimes against all U.S. residents, including crimes against children age 11 or younger. In some states mandatory reporting laws require that persons report certain crimes against youth. Due to these factors, the age distribution of crimes measured in the UCR differs from that of the NCVS. Taken together, these two measures of crime provide a more comprehensive picture of crime in the U.S. For additional information about the differences between the NCVS and UCR, see The Nation's Two Crime Measures (NCJ 246832, BJS, September 2014). CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 7 3502-022 Page 7 of 53 EFTA_00001553 EFTA00156894 ## About 2 out of 5 violent victimizations were reported to police in 2019 The NCVS provides statistics on crimes reported and not reported to police and on the reasons why a crime was not reported to police. Victims may not report a crime for a variety of reasons, including fear of reprisal or getting the offender in trouble, believing that police would not or could not do anything to help, and believing the crime to be a personal issue or too trivial to report. Reporting to police may occur during or immediately following a criminal incident or at a later date. Police may be notified by the victim, a third party (including witnesses, other victims, household members, or other officials, such as school officials or workplace managers), or police may have been at the scene of the incident. Based on the 2019 survey, 41% of violent victimizations were reported to police, which was not a statistically significant change from 2018 (43%) (table 6). About a third (33%) of property victimizations were reported to police in 2019. There were some statistically significant changes from 2018 to 2019 by type of crime reported to police. The percentages of robbery (from 63% to 47%) and other theft (from 29% to 27%) reported to police declined during this period, while the percentage of intimate partner violence reported to police increased, from 45% to 58%. ## TABLE 6 Percent and rate of victimizations reported to police, by type of crime, 2018 and 2019
Type of crimePercent of victimizations reported to policeRate of victimizations reported to police per 1,000a
20182019*20182019*
$Violent crime^{b}$$42.6%40.9%9.98.6
  Rape/sexual assault^{c}$$24.933.90.70.6
  Robbery62.6 †46.61.30.9
  Assault43.040.97.97.1
    Aggravated assault60.552.12.31.9
    Simple assault38.437.95.65.2
Violent crime excluding simple assault^{d}$$49.9%46.5%4.33.4
Selected characteristics of violent crime
  Domestic violence^{e}$$47.0%52.2%2.32.2
    Intimate partner violence^{f}$$45.0 †58.41.41.5
  Stranger violence^{g}$$44.539.94.03.3
  Violent crime involving injury54.349.52.92.3
  Violent crime involving a weapon60.352.42.9 ‡2.1
Property crime34.1%32.5%36.9 †33.0
  Burglary/trespassing^{h}$$46.648.59.9 †8.3
    Burglar^{i}$$47.551.47.1 ‡6.0
    Trespassing^{j}$$44.542.22.82.3
  Motor-vehicle theft78.679.53.43.1
  Other theft^{k}$$28.6 ‡26.823.7 †21.5
Note: Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, and they include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Other violent-crime categories in this table, including domestic violence and violent crime involving injury, are not mutually exclusive from these categories or from each other. See appendix table 10 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aRates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older for violent crime reported to police and per 1,000 households for property crime reported to police. See bExcludes homicide because the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is based on interviews with victims. cSee Methodology for details on the measurement of rape or sexual assault in the NCVS. dIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. fIncludes the subset of domestic-violence victimizations that were committed by intimate partners, which include current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends. 9Includes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by someone unknown to the victim. hCalled household burglary prior to *Criminal Victimization*, 2018. Includes unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed), but does not include trespassing on land. iIncludes only crimes where the offender committed or attempted a theft. Estimates differ from those previously published in the *Criminal Victimization*, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. ^Includes the taking or attempted unlawful taking of property or cash without personal contact with the victim. Incidents involving theft of property from within the same household would classify as theft if the offender has a legal right to be in the house (such as a maid, delivery person, or guest). If the offender has no legal right to be in the house, the incident would classify as a burglary. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. 3502-022 Page 8 of 53 | EFTA_00001554 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156895 ## The rate of unreported violent crime increased from 2015 to 2019 From 2018 to 2019, there were no statistically significant changes in the rate of reported or unreported violent crime (whether completed, attempted, or threatened) (table 7). While the rate of total violent crime (whether completed, attempted, or threatened) reported to police was 8.6 victimizations reported per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in both 2015 and 2019, the rate of unreported violent crime increased from 9.5 per 1,000 persons in 2015 to 12.1 per 1,000 in 2019. During this same period, the rate of both reported (from 2.2 per 1,000 to 3.1 per 1,000) and unreported (from 3.6 per 1,000 to 5.3 per 1,000) threatened crime increased. ## Assistance from a victim-service agency was received for 8% of violent victimizations Victim-service agencies are public or private organizations that provide help to victims. Based on the 2019 survey, assistance from a victim-service agency was received in 8% of violent victimizations (table 8). This was a decline from the percentage in 2018 (11%). The percentage of violent victimizations committed by an intimate partner for which victims received assistance from a victim-service agency increased from 18% in 2018 to 26% in 2019. ## TABLE 7 Rate of violent victimization reported and not reported to police, by completed, attempted, and threatened crimes, 2015-2019
Rate of reported crime per 1,000aRate of unreported crime per 1,000a
Violent crime20152016201720182019*20152016201720182019*
Total8.68.69.29.98.69.5†10.810.912.912.1
Completed3.32.52.83.32.52.62.62.63.52.8
Attempted3.12.62.93.22.93.33.33.83.84.0
Threatened2.2†3.63.53.43.13.6†4.94.55.65.3
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Each year between 2015 and 2019, whether the crime was reported to police or not was unknown at a rate of 0.3 to 0.5 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 11 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aRate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## TABLE 8 Percent of violent victimizations for which victims received assistance from a victim-service agency, by type of crime, 2018
Type of crime20182019*
Violent crimea10.6%†7.7%
Violent crime excluding simple assaultb12.810.8
Simple assault9.4†6.0
Intimate partner violencec18.1%‡26.1%
Violent crime involving injury14.7%17.9%
Violent crime involving a weapon11.2%7.1%
Note: See appendix table 12 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. aIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Includes threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Excludes homicide because the National Crime Victimization Survey is based on interviews with victims. bIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. CIncludes the subset of domestic-violence victimizations that were committed by intimate partners, which include current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 9 of 53 EFTA_00001555 EFTA00156896 ## Rates of violent victimization decreased across some demographic characteristics from 2018 to 2019 From 2018 to 2019, the rate of violent victimization decreased from 24.7 victimizations per 1,000 white persons age 12 or older to 21.0 per 1,000 (table 9). Among Asians, the rate of violent victimization declined from 16.2 per 1,000 in 2018 to 7.5 per 1,000 in 2019. During this same period, the rate of violent victimization also decreased for persons ages 25 to 34 (from 31.8 to 25.0 victimizations per 1,000) and ages 35 to 49 from (25.2 to 19.5 per 1,000). Among divorced persons, the rate of violent victimization decreased from 39.1 per 1,000 in 2018 to 28.5 per 1,000 in 2019. Among females, the rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault decreased from 9.6 victimizations per 1,000 females age 12 or older in 2018 to 7.0 per 1,000 in 2019. From 2018 to 2019, the rate of violent crime excluding simple assault also decreased for persons ages 35 to 49 (from 9.8 to 6.7 victimizations per 1,000). For those living in households where income was less than $25,000 a year, the rate decreased from 19.0 to 14.2 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. In the same period, the rate of violent crime excluding simple assault for those living in households earning more than $200,000 a year increased from 3.0 to 7.0 per 1,000. TABLE 9 Rate of violent victimization, by type of crime and demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicTotal violent victimizationaViolent victimization excluding simple assaultb
20182019*20182019*
Totalc23.221.08.6†7.3
Sex
Male22.121.27.57.5
Female24.320.89.6†7.0
Race/ethnicity
Whited24.7‡21.08.26.5
Blackd20.418.710.07.0
Hispanic18.621.38.510.2
Asiand16.2†7.55.6†1.9!
Otherd,e49.266.320.520.9
Age
12-1734.235.210.111.0
18-2435.937.216.316.0
25-3431.8‡25.011.38.9
35-4925.2‡19.59.8‡6.7
50-6418.318.96.45.6
65 or older6.56.02.31.9
Marital status
Never married33.531.212.911.9
Married12.111.54.13.0
Widow/widower12.510.74.34.9
Divorced39.1†28.514.810.7
Separated58.264.120.819.5
Household income
Less than $25,00040.837.819.0‡14.2
$25,000-$49,99923.519.79.37.5
$50,000-$99,99916.516.64.75.5
$100,000-$199,99919.216.25.83.9
$200,000 or more16.318.03.0†7.0
Note: Rates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Includes threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. See appendix table 34 for population numbers and appendix table 13 for standard errors. *Comparison year.
†Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. ‡Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level.
!Interpret estimate with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. aIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Excludes homicide because the National Crime Victimization Survey is based on interviews with victims. bIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018.
cStatistically significant differences for the total victimization rates are presented using the Balanced Repeated Replication method. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate statistically significant differences for the rest of the table.
dExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). eIncludes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019.
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 10 of 53 10 | EFTA_00001556 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156897 ## The percentage of violent victimizations reported to police was higher for females than for males Based on the 2019 survey, the percentage of violent victimizations reported to police was higher for females (46%) than for males (36%) (table 10). This difference can largely be attributed to reporting of simple assaults, as the percentages of violent victimizations reported to police, excluding simple assault, were similar for females (47%) and males (46%). The percentage of violent victimizations reported to police was lower for white persons (37%) than for black persons (49%) and Hispanics (49%). Among different age groups, the percentage of violent victimizations reported to police, excluding simple assault, was lower for persons ages 18 to 24 (36%) than for persons ages 25 to 34 (60%), 50 to 64 (52%), or 65 or older (61%). The percentage of violent crime reported to police was lower for those who had never been married (35%) than for married (45%), divorced (46%), or separated (62%) persons. The percentage of violent victimizations reported to police, excluding simple assault, was lowest for those living in households earning more than $200,000 a year (13%). TABLE 10 Percent and rate of violent victimizations reported to police, by type of crime and demographic characteristics of victims, 2019
Victim demographic characteristicTotal violent victimizations reported to policeaViolent victimizations reported to police, excluding simple assaulta
PercentRate per 1,000cPercentRate per 1,000c
Total40.9%8.646.5%3.4
Sex
Male*35.7%7.546.4%3.5
Female45.9 †9.646.63.3
Race/ethnicity
White*b37.0%7.846.9%3.0
Blackb49.2 †9.252.13.7
Hispanic48.8 †10.448.75.0 †
Asianb47.93.6 †42.9!0.8 †!
Otherb,c39.826.4 †27.3 †5.7
Age
12-1724.0% †8.4 †37.4%4.1
18-24*37.914.136.45.8
25-3446.411.660.2 †5.3
35-4944.48.6 †42.22.8 †
50-6447.1 ‡8.9 †52.5 †2.9 †
65 or older41.92.5 †61.0 †1.1 †
Marital status
Never married*34.8%10.942.3%5.0
Married45.4 †5.2 †49.81.5 †
Widow/widower47.35.0 †63.9 ‡3.1
Divorced46.2 †13.249.75.3
Separated61.7 †39.6 †60.9 ‡11.9 ‡
Household income
Less than $25,00041.8%15.8 †46.8%6.6 †
$25,000-$49,99944.78.857.4 ‡4.3 †
$50,000-$99,999*43.17.244.52.4
$100,000-$199,99933.0 ‡5.343.11.7
$200,000 or more29.5 †5.313.4 †0.9 †
Note: Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, and they include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. See appendix table 14 for standard errors. *Comparison group. †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. ‡Difference with comparison group is significant at the 90% confidence level. ! Interpret estimate with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. aRates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers. bExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). cIncludes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 11 3502-022 Page 11 of 53 | EFTA_00001557 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156898 # Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey By Jeffrey H. Anderson, Ph.D., *BJS Director* This year, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) provides new classifications of urban, suburban, and rural areas for the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), with the goal of presenting a more accurate picture of where criminal victimizations occur. Historically, the NCVS has classified areas as urban, suburban, or rural based on the following definitions: Urban: within a principal city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Suburban: within an MSA but not within a principal city of the MSA Rural: outside of an MSA These definitions are straightforward, but they suffer from two main shortcomings: 1. Metropolitan statistical areas are based on entire counties, and counties almost always contain both rural and non-rural areas. Yet the NCVS's historical definitions classify each county as being either entirely rural (if not part of an MSA) or entirely non-rural (if part of an MSA). For example, California's San Bernardino County, which includes much of the Mojave Desert and covers more than twice as much land as the state of Maryland, is classified as containing no rural areas under the NCVS's historical definitions. This is because San Bernardino County is part of the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA, and the NCVS's historical definitions do not classify any part of an MSA as being rural. On the other hand, Colorado's La Plata County, home of Durango, is classified under the historical definitions as being entirely rural, because it is not part of an MSA. This is true even though the Census Bureau says that, as of 2010, 40% of La Plata County's population lived in non-rural areas. Similarly, Casmalia, Calif. had a 2010 population of 138 people and is surrounded by undeveloped land. Because it is located within a county (Santa Barbara) that is designated as an MSA (the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara MSA), the NCVS’s historical definitions classify Casmalia as suburban. Meanwhile, Bozeman, Mont., with a 2010 population of 37,280—270 times that of Casmalia—is classified by the NCVS’s historical definitions as rural, because it is located in a county that is not part of an MSA. 2. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) designates principal cities (of which there are anywhere from 1 to nearly 20 in a given MSA) as being among "the more significant places in each Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area...in terms of population and employment." The principal city designation is not necessarily indicative of urban status, nor is it intended to be. Yet the NCVS's historical definitions classify all principal cities of MSAs as urban, and all other places as not urban. As a result, Union City, N.J., located just across the Hudson River from Midtown Manhattan, is classified by the NCVS’s historical definitions as suburban, due to its not being defined as a principal city. Union City had a 2010 population density of 51,918 people per square mile, more than three times the population density of San Francisco (17,180). Meanwhile, Rome, N.Y., which had a 2010 population density of 451 people per square mile—less than 1% that of Union City—is classified by the historical definitions as urban. The same is true for Yuma, Ariz., Hilton Head Island, S.C., and Foley, Ala. None of these had a population density in 2010 that was even 2% that of Union City, yet all are classified as urban under the NCVS’s historical definitions, while Union City is classified as suburban. These are not isolated examples. Weighted housing-unit density (discussed more below) is essentially a measure of how closely people live to one another. Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB principal-city designations, 506 of the 674 principal cities in the United States (75%) had weighted housing-unit densities below that of the U.S. as a whole. In other words, three-quarters of the places classified by the historical definitions as urban were less densely developed than the areas where most U.S. residents lived. ## A new definition: BJS's new NCVS definition of urban is based on the notion that urban places are those that are densely populated, are at the center of a major metropolitan area, or some combination of these. BJS's specific criteria is that a place is urban if it is— The main city or Census-designated place (i.e., the first place listed) in a 500,000-person (Census-designated) “urbanized area,” with a weighted housing-unit density within its city limits of at least 3,000 housing units per square mile. In other words, the primary city in a large “urbanized area” qualifies as urban if it meets the weighted-housing-unit-density threshold of 3,000 housing units per square mile. (The overall weighted housing-unit density for the U.S. is 2,396, based on the 2010 Census.) A named city or Census-designated place in a 500,000-person (Census-designated) “urbanized area,” with a weighted housing-unit density of at least 4,000 housing units per square mile within its city limits. In Continued on next page CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 12 of 53 12 | EFTA_00001558 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown representation of the provided image, preserving the original layout with headings, paragraphs, and formulas as they appear. No additional content has been added or removed. EFTA00156899 ## Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey (continued) other words, a city that is prominent enough to be included by the Census Bureau in the name of a large “urbanized area” (for example, Long Beach in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim urbanized area) qualifies as urban if it meets the weighted-housing-unit-density threshold of 4,000 housing units per square mile. Any city or Census-designated place with a population of at least 50,000 and a weighted housing-unit density of at least 5,000 housing units per square mile. Any city or Census-designated place with a population of at least 10,000 and a weighted housing-unit density of at least 10,000 housing units per square mile. The Census Bureau's "urbanized areas" referenced in this definition are similar to OMB's metropolitan areas, but they delineate areas of substantial population rather than utilizing entire counties. The weighted housing-unit density referenced in this definition is discussed in greater detail below. In addition to developing this definition of urban, BJS has adopted the Census Bureau's definition of rural to replace the historical NCVS definition of rural. The Census Bureau provides specific, carefully drawn boundaries around "urban areas" (both larger "urbanized areas" and smaller "urban clusters") using set criteria, classifying everything outside of those boundaries as rural. BJS classifies areas that are neither urban nor rural as suburban. In comparison to places that are urban, suburban areas are characterized by lower density, a larger ratio of single-family homes to apartments, and layouts based principally on automobile transportation. Some suburban areas, those that might be thought of as “suburbia proper,” do not have their own urban centers but are located near a separate urban city. Other suburban areas are cities or towns that have urban centers, but those centers have smaller populations than their surrounding suburban areas, so the bulk of the city’s population lives in suburban areas. (Cities are the smallest geographical designations that can realistically be used in classifying areas as urban.) In short, suburban areas are a mix of “suburbia proper,” towns, and some generally smaller cities that are more suburban than urban. BJS uses weighted housing-unit density in its new NCVS definitions because that measure provides a better indication of the degree of urban density than conventional population density does. Conventional population density is derived by dividing population by land area, and it measures how densely populated a given area of land is. As of the 2010 Census, the U.S. as a whole had a conventional population density of 87 people per square mile; however, most U.S. residents do not live in areas where there are only 87 people per square mile. The experience of most U.S. residents is more fully captured by weighted population density, which is essentially a measure of how densely populated an area is from the perspective of those who live in it. Weighted housing-unit density is similar to weighted population density, with the difference being that the latter focuses on population and the former on housing units. In comparing weighted housing-unit density to weighted population density, John R. Ottensmann writes, "Housing units better represent the physical pattern of urban development, as they are relatively fixed."5 Housing-unit density is the number of housing units per square mile in a given area. Weighted housing-unit density, under BJS's approach, is the weighted average of the housing densities for all census tracts in an area, with the tracts weighted by their number of housing units. For ease of explanation, imagine an area with only two census tracts. One tract has 2,000 housing units, covers 2 square miles, and thus has a housing-unit density of 1,000 housing units per square mile. The other tract has 6,000 housing units, covers 1 square mile, and thus has a housing-unit density of 6,000 housing units per square mile. The area's weighted housing-unit density is the weighted average of these two tract-level housing-unit densities, or $ (1,000^{*}2,000+6,000^{*}6,000)/8,000=4,750$. Otherwise put, the weighted housing-unit density is based one-quarter on the first tract's density (because it contains one-quarter of the housing units) and three-quarters on the second tract's density. Weighted housing-unit density identifies urban places much more clearly than conventional population density does. Among places with populations of at least 10,000 people in 2010, Chicago rises from #71 in conventional population density to #16 in weighted housing-unit density, New Orleans from #2,212 to #190, and Urban Honolulu from #474 to #13. Meanwhile, Passaic, N.J. falls from #7 in conventional population density to #45 in weighted housing-unit density, while Santa Ana, Calif. falls from #67 to #237 (moving from 4 places above Chicago to 221 places below). ## Comparing the old and new definitions: Both the old and new NCVS definitions, as would be expected, classify New York's five boroughs as urban (New York City's weighted housing-unit density is a nation-leading 29,345 housing units per square mile), and they both add Jersey City, N.J. (weighted housing-unit density $$\textcircled{5}$$John R. Ottensmann. “On Population-Weighted Density.” February 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322992771_On_Population-Weighted_Density. Continued on next page CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 13 of 53 13 EFTA_00001559 EFTA00156900 ## Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey (continued) of 13,837 housing units per square mile), Newark, N.J. (8,788), and White Plains, N.Y. (5,671). The old definition also includes New Brunswick, N.J. (4,908) and Lakewood, N.J. (2,106). The new definition reclassifies Lakewood and New Brunswick as suburban (although just a 2% increase in New Brunswick’s weighted housing-unit density would qualify it as urban) and adds the following places as urban: Guttenberg, N.J. (weighted housing-unit density of 29,171 housing units per square mile); Hoboken, N.J. ## FIGURE 4 New classification Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations. (25,870); West New York (21,763); Union City, N.J. (20,477); Cliffside Park, N.J. (12,001); Mount Vernon, N.Y. (8,811); East Orange, N.J. (8,763); Bayonne, N.J. (8,263); Yonkers, N.Y. (7,930); Elizabeth, N.J. (7,468); Passaic, N.J. (7,424); and Paterson, N.J. (6,739). As the accompanying map of the Washington, D.C. area (figure 4) shows, both the old and new definitions include Washington, D.C. (weighted housing-unit density of 10,115 housing units per square mile), Arlington, Va. (10,485), Alexandria, Va. (7,714), and Silver Spring, Md. (6,135), as urban places. The new definitions do not classify anywhere else in the D.C. area as urban. The old definitions added as urban Bethesda, Md. (4,325), Gaithersburg, Md. (2,836), Reston, Va. (2,543), Rockville, Md. (2,534), and Frederick, Md. (2,235), all of which the new definitions classify as suburban. The new definitions more closely fit U.S. residents’ own sense of where they live, as reflected in the American Housing Survey (AHS). For each of five metropolitan or micropolitan area designations, the following table and figure show how most AHS respondents in 2017 classified where they lived (and what percentage of respondents gave that classification), what percentage of people would be classified that same way by the new and old NCVS definitions, and the difference between the AHS result and the new and old NCVS results (table 11, figure 5). As table 11 shows, 58% of AHS respondents who lived in the biggest principal city of an MSA said that they lived in an urban place. Forty-three percent of them would be classified as living in an urban place by the new NCVS definitions, a difference of 15 percentage points (58% versus 43%) from the portion of AHS respondents who gave that answer. In comparison, 100% of those ## TABLE 11 U.S. residents’ sense of where they live, per the American Housing Survey
Part of MSA/micro area lived inMost common classification by AHS respondentsaPercent classified same way as most common AHS classificationDifference(in percentage points)
New NCVS definitionsOld NCVS definitionsNew NCVS vs.AHSOld NCVS vs.AHS
Biggest principal city of MSA58% urban43%100%1542
Other principal city of MSA67% suburban8802167
In MSA but not principal city64% suburban791001536
In micropolitan area52% rural48100448
Outside of metro/micro area70% rural75100530
Average~~~1245
aAmerican Housing Survey. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations; and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey, 2017. Continued on next page 3502-022 Page 14 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 14 | EFTA_00001560 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just the text "EFTA_00001560". EFTA00156901 ## Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey (continued) respondents would be classified as living in an urban place by the old NCVS definitions, a difference of 42 percentage points (58% vs. 100%) from the portion of AHS respondents who gave that answer. While AHS respondents' answers about where they live are not necessarily dispositive, the new NCVS definitions fare far better than the old ones versus the AHS in every category, by a margin of at least 21 percentage points per category and an average margin of 33 points per category. Under the new definitions, 12% of the population lives in urban areas, 69% in suburban areas, and 19% in rural areas, compared to 33% in urban areas, 53% in suburban areas, and 14% in rural areas under the old definitions (table 31). Of the main cities in the 15 largest MSAs in the U.S., the new definitions classify 13 as urban. The two classified as suburban—Phoenix, Ariz. and Riverside, Calif.—had 2010 weighted housing-unit densities below that of the U.S. as a whole. According to the historical NCVS definitions, by far the most urban region in the country is the West, followed by the South (using the Census Bureau's regional classifications). Under the new definitions, the Northeast is by far the most urban region, followed in order by the West, Midwest, and South. The most suburban region according to the old definitions is the Northeast. Under the new definitions, the West is the most suburban region, with the Northeast being the least suburban region. A complete list of places classified as urban under the new NCVS definitions is provided at the back of this report (appendix table 36). ## FIGURE 5 Location-of-residence classification, by source of classification Old NCVS definitions Note: See appendix table 4 for estimates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey, 2017; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations. Page 15 of 53 | EFTA_00001561 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156902 The rate of violent victimization in urban areas, based on the new classifications of urban, suburban, and rural areas, declined from 2018 to 2019 From 2018 to 2019, the rate of violent victimization in urban areas declined from 26.5 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older to 21.1 per 1,000 (table 12) based on the NCVS's new classifications of urban, suburban, and rural areas (see text box on pp. 12-15). Excluding simple assault, the rate of violent victimization in urban areas fell from 12.2 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in 2018 to 8.0 per 1,000 in 2019. There were no statistically significant changes in the rates of violent victimization, or of violent victimization excluding simple assault, in suburban or rural areas from 2018 to 2019. The rate of property victimization, however, declined from 2018 to 2019 in both suburban (from 108.6 to 100.8 victimizations per 1,000 households) and rural (from 80.3 to 68.1 per 1,000) areas. There was no statistically significant change in the rate of property crime in urban areas. Based on the new definitions, the 2019 rate of violent victimization in urban areas (21.1 per 1,000 persons age 12 or older) and suburban areas (22.3 per 1,000) was higher than the rate in rural areas (16.3 per 1,000). There was no statistically significant difference between the rates of violent victimization in urban and suburban areas, and there were no statistically significant differences in the rates of violent victimization excluding simple assault across urban, suburban, and rural areas. The rate of property victimization in urban areas (153.0 per 1,000 households) was higher than the rate in suburban (100.8 per 1,000) and rural areas (68.1 per 1,000). The rate of property victimization in suburban areas was also higher than the rate in rural areas. TABLE 12 Rate of victimization, by type of crime and location of residence, 2018 and 2019
Location of residenceeViolent crimebViolent crime excluding simple assaultcProperty crimed
20182019*20182019*20182019*
New definition
Urbanf26.5 ‡21.112.2 †8.0146.9153.0
Suburbang23.822.38.67.6108.6 †100.8
Ruralh18.916.36.35.680.3 †68.1
Old definition
Urbani28.926.012.29.5142.9144.4
Suburbanj18.616.56.15.786.7 †74.9
Ruralk26.926.39.67.7101.7 ‡92.1
Note: Statistically significant differences for the new definition rates are presented using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Statistically significant differences for the old definition rates are presented using generalized variance function parameters. See appendix table 15 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aRate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older for violent crime and per 1,000 households for property crime. See table 31 for populations. bIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Excludes homicide because the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is based on interviews with victims. cIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. dIncludes burglary, residential trespassing, motor-vehicle theft, and other theft. eSee Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey on pp. 12-15 and Methodology for details on the measurement of location of residence in the NCVS. # All census blocks within cities or Census-designated places that meet certain criteria based on their population and density. See *Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey* on pp. 12-15 and appendix table 36. $$\textcircled{9}$$All other census blocks not classified as urban or rural. $$\text{h}_{\text{All census blocks not in Census Bureau-defined urbanized areas or urban clusters}}$$ $$\textsuperscript{h} \text{Within the principal city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)}.$$ jWithin an MSA but not in a principal city of the MSA. kNot within an MSA. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. 16 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 16 of 53 EFTA_00001562 EFTA00156903 ## Incidents estimates An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. $ ^{6} $ In 2019, there were 5.4 million total violent incidents involving victims age 12 or older (table 13). Patterns varied in the demographic characteristics of victims and offenders involved in violent incidents, as perceived by the victims. Based on the 2019 survey, the victim-to-population ratio of 1.0 for both males and females shows that the percentage of violent incidents involving male (49%) or female (51%) victims was equal to males' (49%) or females' (51%) share of the population. The offender-to-population ratio shows that the percentage of violent incidents involving male offenders (75%) was about 1.5 times greater than the percentage of males represented in the population (49%), whereas the percentage of violent incidents involving female offenders (21%) was 0.4 times the percentage of females in the population (51%). $$\textcircled{6}$$Tables 13 through 17 present incident-level data on victims and offenders. Offender characteristics in the NCVS are based on victims' perceptions of offenders. The victim-to-population ratio varied by race. The percentage of violent incidents involving white (62%) or black (11%) victims was similar to the population percentages of white (62%) or black (12%) persons. Likewise, about 17% of violent incidents involved Hispanic victims, which was equal to the representation of Hispanics in the population (17%). A smaller percentage of violent incidents involved Asian victims (2%) than the share of Asians in the population (6%). TABLE 13 Percent and number of violent incidents, by total population and victim and offender demographic characteristics, 2019
Demographic characteristicPopulationaNumber of violent incidentsPercent of populationa*Percent of violent incidentsRatio of percentages
OffenderbVictimOffenderbVictimOffender to victimOffender to populationVictim to population
Total276,872,4705,440,6805,440,680100%100%100%1.01.01.0
Sex
Male134,693,6603,806,5702,668,60048.6%75.0% †49.0%1.51.51.0
Female142,178,8101,085,5502,772,07051.421.4†51.00.40.41.0
Both male and female offenders~182,030~~3.6~~~~
Race/ethnicity
Whitec}$171,423,4802,289,3903,379,92061.9%50.2% †62.1%0.80.81.0
Blackc}$33,397,1001,140,470582,65012.125.0 †10.72.32.10.9
Hispanicd}$47,890,870853,990926,65017.318.717.01.11.11.0
Asianc}$17,401,41044,520123,4006.31.0 †2.3 †0.40.20.4
Otherc,e}$6,759,600208,170428,0502.44.6 †7.9 †0.61.93.2
Multiple offenders of various racesc}$~27,720!~~0.6!~~~~
Age
11 or youngerf}$~94,230~~2.0%~~~~
12-1724,941,440723,630800,3009.0%15.6 †14.7% †1.11.71.6
18-2952,798,8701,348,6101,617,86019.129.0 †29.7 †1.01.51.6
30 or older199,132,1602,323,9403,022,52071.950.0 †55.6 †0.90.70.8
Multiple offenders of various ages~157,390~~3.4~~~~
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data for offender characteristics. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender characteristics are based on victims' perceptions of offenders. See appendix table 16 for standard errors. *Comparison group. | | | | :--- | :--- | | †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. | | ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. ~Not applicable. aThe National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) population represents persons age 12 or older living in non-institutionalized residential settings in the U.S. bIncludes those incidents in which the perceived offender characteristics were reported. The sex of the offender was unknown in 7% of incidents, the | race or ethnicity of the offender was unknown in 16% of incidents, and the age of the offender was unknown in 15% of incidents. | cExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). fWhile the NCVS does not survey victims age 11 or younger, victims may report the offender to be age 11 or younger. eIncludes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. 3502-022 Page 17 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 17 EFTA_00001563 EFTA00156904 Based on victims’ perceptions of the offenders, the offender-to-population ratio shows that the percentage of violent incidents involving black offenders (25%) was 2.1 times the percentage of black persons (12%) in the population. The percentage of violent incidents involving white offenders (50%) was about four-fifths (0.8 times) the percentage of whites (62%) in the population, while the percentage of violent incidents involving Hispanic offenders (19%) was similar to the percentage of Hispanics in the population (17%). The percentage of violent incidents involving Asian offenders (1%) was about one-fifth (0.2 times) the percentage of Asians in the population (6%). The percentage of violent incidents involving offenders of other races (Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races) was about double (1.9 times) the collective percentage of those races in the population. The offender-to-victim ratio shows that the percentage of violent incidents involving black offenders (25%) was over twice (2.3 times) the percentage of incidents committed against black victims (11%). In contrast, the percentage of incidents involving white offenders (50%) was four-fifths (0.8 times) the percentage of incidents committed against white victims (62%), while the percentage involving Asian offenders was two-fifths (0.4 times) the percentage committed against Asian victims. Persons ages 12 to 17 were more than 1.5 times more likely to be offenders (16%) or victims (15%) in violent incidents than their percentage of the population (9%). Those between the ages of 18 to 29 showed a similar pattern. Those age 30 or older were less likely to be offenders (50%) or victims (56%) than their percentage of the population (72%). Females were offenders in a greater percentage of violent incidents committed against females (28%) than against males (14%) (table 14). Males were offenders in a greater percentage of violent incidents committed against males (82%) than against females (69%). Based on victims’ perceptions, about 1.7 million violent incidents in 2019 were committed against white persons by offenders who were white, 346,260 violent incidents were committed against black persons by offenders who were black, and 334,600 violent incidents were committed against Hispanic persons by offenders who were Hispanic (table 15). There were 5.3 times as many ## TABLE 14 TABLE 14 Percent of violent incidents, by victim and offender sex, 2019
Offender sex
Victim sexNumber of violent incidentsTotalMaleFemaleBoth male and female
Total5,074,160100%75.0%†21.4%†3.6%
Male*2,410,380100%82.114.53.5
Female2,663,770100%68.6†27.7†3.7
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender sex is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those incidents in which the perceived sex of the offender was reported. The sex of the offender was unknown in 7% of incidents, which is why the number of incidents reported here is only 93% as high as in table 13. See appendix table 17 for standard errors. *Comparison group. †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## TABLE 15 Number of violent incidents, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
WhiteaBlackaHispanicbOthera,c
Whitea2,796,7101,722,230*472,570†463,520†138,380†
Blacka494,61089,980†346,260*43,730†14,640†!
Hispanic774,310170,840†249,030334,600*19,840†
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims' perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 16% of violent incidents, which is why the number of incidents reported here is only 84% as high as in table 13. See appendix table 18 for standard errors.
*Comparison groups are intraracial victim and offender percentages(white-on-white,black-on-black,and Hispanic-on-Hispanic).+Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level.
!Interpret with caution.Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases,or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%.aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin(e.g.,“white”refers to non-Hispanic whites and“black”refers to non-Hispanic blacks).bIf the victim perceived any of the offenders in a multiple offender incident to be of Hispanic origin,they are classified as Hispanic.cIncludes Asians,Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders,American Indians and Alaska Natives,persons of two or more races,and multiple offenders of various races. Source:Bureau of Justice Statistics,National Crime Victimization Survey,2019.
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 18 of 53 18 EFTA_00001564 EFTA00156905 violent incidents committed by black offenders against white victims (472,570) as were committed by white offenders against black victims (89,980). The largest percentage of violent incidents committed against white, black, and Hispanic victims were committed by someone of the same race or ethnicity (table 16). Offenders were white in 62% of violent incidents committed against white victims, black in 70% of incidents committed against black victims, and Hispanic in 43% of incidents committed against Hispanic victims. Sixty-two percent of violent incidents committed against white victims were perceived to be committed by white offenders, the same portion (62%) of the total U.S. population age 12 or older that was white (table 17). Among black victims, the percentage of violent incidents perceived to be committed by black offenders (70%) was 5.8 times higher than the percentage of black persons in the population (12%). The percentage of violent incidents committed against Hispanic victims by Hispanic offenders (43%) was 2.5 times higher than the percentage of Hispanics in the population (17%). ## TABLE 16 Percent of violent incidents, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
TotalWhiteaBlackaHispanicbOthera,c
Whitea2,796,710100%61.6%*16.9%†16.6%†4.9%†
Blacka494,610100%18.2†70.0*8.8†3.0†!
Hispanic774,310100%22.1†32.2‡43.2*2.6†
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims' perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 16% of violent incidents, which is why the number of incidents reported here is only 84% as high as in table 13. See appendix table 19 for standard errors.
*Comparison groups are intraracial victim and offender percentages (white-on-white, black-on-black, and Hispanic-on-Hispanic).
†Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level.
‡Difference with comparison group is significant at the 90% confidence level.
!Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%。
aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g.,“white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and“black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks)。
bIf the victim perceived any of the offenders in a multiple offender incident to be of Hispanic origin, they are classified as Hispanic。
cIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, persons of two or more races, and multiple offenders of various races。
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. TABLE 17 Percent of violent incidents and percent of the U.S. population, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityPercent of violent incidents committed by offendersPercent of the populationaRatio of percentages
TotalOf the same race/ethnicityOf another race/ethnicityTotalOf the same race/ethnicity*Of another race/ethnicity*Offender of same race/ethnicity to population of same race/ethnicitybOffender of another race/ethnicity to population of another race/ethnicityc
Whited100%61.6%38.4%100%61.9%38.1%1.01.0
Blackd100%70.0†30.0†100%12.187.95.80.3
Hispanic100%43.2†56.8†100%17.382.72.50.7
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 16% of violent incidents. See appendix table 20 for standard errors. *Comparisons are between the percentage of the U.S. population of the same race or ethnicity and the percentage of violent incidents committed by offenders of the same race or ethnicity, and between the percentage of the U.S. population of another race or ethnicity and the percentage of violent incidents committed by offenders of another race or ethnicity. †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. aThe National Crime Victimization Survey population represents persons age 12 or older living in non-institutionalized residential settings in the U.S. bThe percentage of incidents committed by offenders of the same race or ethnicity of the victim divided by the percentage of the U.S. population of the same race or ethnicity. cThe percentage of incidents committed by offenders of another race or ethnicity divided by the percentage of the U.S. population of another race or ethnicity. dExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. 3502-022 Page 19 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 19 EFTA_00001565 EFTA00156906 ## Prevalence estimates ## The percentage of persons who experienced violent crime excluding simple assault declined from 2018 to 2019 Prevalence reflects the number or percentage of unique persons who were crime victims, or of unique households that experienced crime. Based on the 2019 survey, 1.10% of all persons age 12 or older experienced one or more violent victimizations, which was not a statistically significant change from the percentage in 2018 (1.18%) but was higher than in 2015 (0.98%) (table 18). The percentage of persons who experienced rape or sexual assault declined from 0.13% in 2018 to 0.08% in 2019, but there was not a statistically significant change in the percentage of persons who experienced robbery, aggravated assault, or simple assault. After increasing 22% from 2015 (0.41%) to 2018 (0.50%), the percentage of U.S. residents age 12 or older who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault decreased 12% (to 0.44%) in 2019. The number of victims of violent crime excluding simple assault fell from 1.4 million in 2018 to 1.2 million persons age 12 or older in 2019. This was largely driven by a decrease in the number of victims of rape or sexual assault. Prevalence rates declined from 2018 to 2019 for selected characteristics of violent crime. The percentage of persons who were victims of domestic violence declined (from 0.23% to 0.19%), as did the percentage of persons who experienced violent crime involving injury (from 0.31% to 0.27%). TABLE 18 Number and percent of persons who were victims of violent crime, by type of crime, 2015-2019
Type of crimeNumber of victimsaPercent of personsb
20152016201720182019*20152016201720182019*
$Total violent crime^{c}$$2,650,670†2,882,3203,106,3403,254,2503,059,0600.98% †1.06%1.14%1.18%1.10%
  Rape/sexual assault^{d}$$204,000162,940208,960347,090 †212,2300.080.060.080.13 †0.08
  Robbery375,280312,310402,430363,210337,7200.140.110.150.130.12
  Assault2,175,520 †2,497,5002,595,7802,668,8202,586,1700.81 †0.920.950.970.93
  Aggravated assault560,720 †680,770646,540694,260697,1900.21 ‡0.250.240.250.25
  Simple assault1,690,190 †1,903,8602,024,8802,058,8701,965,4100.63 ‡0.700.740.750.71
Violent crime excluding simple assault^{e}$$1,099,4001,123,1901,225,8001,367,270 ‡1,216,4000.41%0.41%0.45%0.50% ‡0.44%
Selected characteristics of violent crime
  Domestic violence^{f}$$493,310514,350559,820636,540 †521,8700.18%0.19%0.21%0.23% †0.19%
  Intimate partner violence^{g}$$310,090273,890308,560368,980310,3200.120.100.110.130.11
  Stranger violence^{h}$$1,117,340 †1,276,7101,370,0201,411,5001,393,6500.41 †0.470.500.510.50
  Violent crime involving injury778,300663,920722,560841,280735,4300.290.240.270.31 ‡0.27
  Violent crime involving a weapon644,370 †767,320776,770838,630788,9200.24 ‡0.280.290.300.28
Note: Details may not sum to totals because a person may experience multiple types of crime. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, and they include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Other violent-crime categories in this table, including domestic violence and violent crime involving injury, are not mutually exclusive from these categories or from each other. See appendix table 34 for population numbers and appendix table 21 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. # Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aNumber of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one violent victimization during the year. bPercentage of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one violent victimization during the year. cExcludes homicide because the National Crime Victimization Survey is based on interviews with victims. dSee Methodology for details on the measurement of rape or sexual assault in the NCVS. eIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault; this category was called serious violent crime prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. fIncludes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by intimate partners or family members. 9Includes the subset of domestic-violence victimizations that were committed by intimate partners, which include current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends. hIncludes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by someone unknown to the victim. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. 3502-022 Page 20 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 20 EFTA_00001566 EFTA00156907 ## Between 2018 and 2019, the number of white or Asian violent-crime victims decreased, and the number of Hispanic victims increased Based on the 2019 survey, an estimated 1.17% of males (1.6 million) and 1.04% of females (1.5 million) were the victim of at least one violent crime (table 19). Prevalence rates decreased for some demographic groups from 2018 to 2019. The percentage of females who were victims of violent crime decreased from 1.16% in 2018 to 1.04% in 2019. The percentage of whites who were victims decreased from 1.19% in 2018 to 1.07% in 2019, and the percentage of Asians who were victims declined from 0.67% to 0.42% during this time period. From 2018 to 2019, the prevalence of violent victimization declined for persons ages 35 to 49 (from 1.27% to 1.06%). The prevalence of violent victimization also decreased among persons who were divorced (from 1.81% to 1.54%) or were widows or widowers (from 0.93% to 0.60%). From 2018 to 2019, the portion of Hispanic persons who were victims of violent crime increased from 1.05% to 1.28%. There were no other statistically significant increases in the prevalence of violent victimization by demographic groups from 2018 to 2019. ## The percentage and number of households that experienced property crime decreased from 2018 to 2019 The 2019 survey found that 6.76% of all households (8.5 million) experienced one or more property victimizations, down from 7.27% (9.1 million) in 2018 (table 20). This decline was driven in part by a decrease in the rate of burglary. The percentage of households experiencing burglary decreased from 1.07% in 2018 to 0.82% in 2019, a decline of 23%. The prevalence of motor-vehicle theft remained relatively stable from 2018 to 2019. TABLE 19 Number and percent of persons who were victims of violent crime, by demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicNumber of victimsaPercent of personsb
20182019*20182019*
Total3,254,2503,059,0601.18%1.10%
Sex
Male1,615,6101,579,5301.21%1.17%
Female1,638,640$\ddagger$1,479,5401.16$\ddagger$1.04
Race/ethnicity
Whitec2,047,640$\dagger$1,836,5201.19%$\dagger$1.07%
Blackc416,850367,0301.261.10
Hispanic493,520$\ddagger$610,6901.05$\ddagger$1.28
Asianc115,510$\ddagger$73,8700.67$\dagger$0.42
Otherc,d180,730170,9502.792.53
Age
12-17377,420400,8301.51%1.61%
18-24484,710504,4201.621.70
25-34684,250677,1001.521.50
35-49779,070$\dagger$651,2101.27$\dagger$1.06
50-64675,580612,0101.070.98
65 or older253,230213,4900.490.40
Marital status
Never married1,572,4801,567,4401.62%1.60%
Married899,040820,9400.700.63
Widow/widower140,520$\dagger$90,7000.93$\dagger$0.60
Divorced495,460$\ddagger$417,3001.81$\ddagger$1.54
Separated137,510156,0502.683.14
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, and they include threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. See appendix table 34 for population numbers and appendix table 22 for standard errors. *Comparison year.
†Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level.
#Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level.
aNumber of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one violent victimization during the year.
bPercentage of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one violent victimization during the year. cExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., "white" refers to non-Hispanic whites and "black" refers to non-Hispanic blacks). $$\text{d} \text{Includes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races.}$$ Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 21 3502-022 Page 21 of 53 | EFTA_00001567 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156908 ## TABLE 20 Number and percent of households victimized, by type of property crime, 2015-2019
Type of property crimeNumber of households victimizedaPercent of households victimizedb
20152016201720182019*20152016201720182019*
Total10,030,5109,825,0609,145,690 †9,080,490 †8,545,7707.60% †7.37% †7.43% †7.27% †6.76%
Burglary/trespassingc2,175,3802,037,3201,842,730 †1,851,420 †1,537,1901.65% †1.53% †1.50% †1.48% †1.22%
Burglaryd1,562,1301,455,7201,273,410 †1,333,600 †1,040,7301.18 †1.09 †1.03 †1.07 †0.82
Trespassinge707,910671,650639,620 †585,190530,4400.54 †0.50 †0.52 †0.470.42
Motor-vehicle theft465,650470,880438,860424,360411,1400.35%0.35%0.36%0.34%0.33%
Other theftf7,941,0307,803,3507,330,960 ‡7,261,8406,991,8006.02% †5.85% †5.96% †5.82% †5.53%
Note: Details may not sum to totals because a household may experience multiple types of crime. The number of property crimes should not be compared from 2017, 2018, or 2019 to 2016 or 2015, as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) household weighting adjustment was updated for 2017 onward, which decreased the number of estimated households by about 8%. Property crime rates are unaffected by this change. See Methodology for details. See appendix table 35 for number of households and appendix table 23 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aNumber of households that experienced at least one property victimization during the year. bPercentage of households that experienced at least one property victimization during the year. cCalled household burglary prior to Criminal Victimization, 2018. Includes unlawful or forcible entry or attempted entry of places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed), but does not include trespassing on land. dIncludes only crimes where the offender committed or attempted a theft. Estimates differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. eIncludes crimes where the offender did not commit or attempt a theft. Does not include trespassing on land. Estimates differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. fIncludes the taking or attempted unlawful taking of property or cash without personal contact with the victim. Incidents involving theft of property from within the same household would classify as theft if the offender has a legal right to be in the house (such as a maid, delivery person, or guest). If the offender has no legal right to be in the house, the incident would classify as a burglary. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## Prevalence of serious crime Tables 21 and 22 in this report present a person-based prevalence measure to show the number and percentage of persons who were victims of a serious crime. This measure includes serious violent and serious property crimes combined into one statistic. Crimes included in this measure are those for which offenders can generally be charged with a felony offense. ## Serious violent crime includes— Rape or sexual assault: completed or attempted rape, completed sexual assault with serious or minor injuries, and completed forced sexual assault without injury Robbery: completed or attempted robbery **Aggravated assault:** completed aggravated assault with injury, and attempted or threatened aggravated assault with a weapon. ## Serious property crime includes— **Completed burglary:** unlawful or forcible entry into places, including a permanent residence, other residence (e.g., a hotel room or vacation residence), or other structure (e.g., a garage or shed), and involving a theft or attempted theft ## Completed motor-vehicle theft. The measure of serious crime attributes a completed burglary victimization to each person age 12 or older in the household, and it attributes completed motor-vehicle theft to persons age 12 or older in the household when they were the person responding to the survey on behalf of the household (the household reference person) or were related to the household reference person. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 22 3502-022 Page 22 of 53 EFTA_00001568 EFTA00156909 ## The percentage of persons who were victims of serious crime decreased from 2018 to 2019 There were 880,000 fewer victims of serious crimes in 2019 than in 2018, a 19% drop (table 21). Serious crimes are those for which an offender can generally be charged with a felony offense. Based on the 2019 survey, 1.36% of persons age 12 or older (3.8 million) experienced at least one serious crime, down from 1.68% (4.6 million) in 2018. The decline in serious crime was driven primarily by a decrease in serious property crime, especially a decline in completed burglary. The percentage of persons age 12 or older who were victims of serious property crime declined from 1.25% in 2018 to 0.96% in 2019. The percentage of persons age 12 or older who were victims of completed burglary declined from 0.98% in 2018 to 0.73% in 2019. From 2018 to 2019, the percentage of persons age 12 or older who were victims of completed or attempted rape or of completed sexual assault with injury or force declined from 0.09% to 0.06%, a drop of more than 85,000 victims. There were no other statistically significant changes in serious violent crime from 2018 to 2019. ## TABLE 21 Number and percent of persons who were victims of serious crime, 2015-2019
Type of crimeNumber of victimsaPercent of personsb
20152016201720182019*20152016201720182019*
Total serious crimec4,793,040†4,708,410†4,529,520†4,636,730†3,756,4901.78%†1.73%†1.66%†1.68%†1.36%
Serious violent crimed1,063,5301,092,7001,170,4601,277,8201,173,0300.39%0.40%0.43%0.46%0.42%
Rape/sexual assault excl. threats and no-force contact164,880131,760144,280254,320†168,8600.060.050.050.09†0.06
Robbery375,280312,310402,430363,210337,7200.140.110.150.130.12
Aggravated assault560,720†680,770646,540694,260697,1900.21†0.250.240.250.25
Serious property crimee3,824,550†3,693,820†3,452,530†3,443,770†2,662,3701.42%†1.36%†1.27%†1.25%†0.96%
Completed burglary3,083,640†2,973,890†2,736,910†2,691,120†2,016,2801.14†1.09†1.00†0.98†0.73
Completed motor-vehicle theft801,770802,270746,630794,040663,4300.300.290.270.290.24
Note: Details may not sum to totals because a person may experience multiple types of crime. See appendix table 24 for standard errors. *Comparison year. | | | | :--- | :--- | | †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. | | #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. aNumber of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one serious crime during the year. bPercentage of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one serious crime during the year. cIncludes persons who were a victim of a serious violent crime or whose household experienced a completed burglary or completed motor-vehicle theft. For these crimes, offenders can generally be charged with a felony offense. aIncludes completed rape or attempted rape, sexual assault with serious or minor injuries, completed forced sexual assault without injury, completed or attempted robbery, completed aggravated assault with injury, and attempted or threatened aggravated assault with a weapon. Excludes simple assault, threatened rape or sexual assault, and unwanted sexual contact (not rape) without force. 12 or older in the household. Completed motor-vehicle-theft victimizations were attributed to persons only when they were age 12 or older and were the reference person for their household or were related to the reference person. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 23 3502-022 Page 23 of 53 | EFTA_00001569 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156910 ## From 2018 to 2019, the percentage of whites and blacks who were victims of serious crime decreased Based on the 2019 survey, 1.44% of males (1.9 million males) and 1.28% of females (1.8 million females) were victims of serious crime (table 22), which represented a decline from 2018 for both sexes. In 2019, the prevalence of serious crime was higher for males than for females. The percentage of white persons age 12 or older who experienced serious crime declined from 1.57% in 2018 to 1.23% in 2019. The percentage of black persons declined from 2.21% to 1.57%. The percentage of Hispanics who were victims of serious crime in 2019 (1.70%) was higher than the percentage of whites (1.23%) or Asians (0.79%). The prevalence of serious crime decreased from 2018 to 2019 among persons ages 12 to 17 (from 1.95% to 1.46%), 35 to 49 (from 1.82% to 1.30%), 50 to 64 (from 1.60% to 1.23%), and 65 or older (from 1.26% to 1.00%). In 2019, the percentage of persons ages 18 to 24 (1.84%) who experienced serious crime was higher than the percentage of persons ages 35 to 49 (1.30%), 50 to 64 (1.23%), and 65 or older (1.00%). Never-married persons, married persons, widows or widowers, and divorced persons all experienced declines in serious crime from 2018 to 2019. In 2019, the prevalence of serious crime for married persons (1.04%) was lower than the prevalence for never-married (1.62%), divorced (1.84%), or separated (2.58%) persons. TABLE 22 Number and percent of persons who were victims of serious crime, by demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicNumber of victimsaPercent of personsb
20182019*20182019*
Total4,636,730$\dagger$3,756,4901.68%$\dagger$1.36%
Sex
Male2,307,130$\dagger$1,935,3101.72%$\dagger$1.44%
Female2,329,600$\dagger$1,821,1701.65$\dagger$1.28
Race/ethnicity
Whitec2,687,680$\dagger$2,103,4101.57%$\dagger$1.23%
Blackc732,020$\dagger$522,7902.21$\dagger$1.57
Hispanic889,800815,7901.891.70
Asianc124,380136,9900.720.79
Otherc,d202,860177,5103.132.63
Age
12-17485,480$\ddagger$364,2301.95%$\dagger$1.46%
18-24553,530545,9301.861.84
25-34831,150746,9501.851.65
35-491,115,800$\dagger$798,5101.82$\dagger$1.30
50-641,004,830$\dagger$769,8401.60$\dagger$1.23
65 or older645,940$\ddagger$531,0201.26$\dagger$1.00
Marital status
Never married1,920,450$\dagger$1,584,9801.98%$\dagger$1.62%
Married1,585,130$\dagger$1,353,8001.23$\dagger$1.04
Widow/widower297,020$\dagger$183,6801.96$\dagger$1.21
Divorced652,090$\dagger$501,5302.38$\dagger$1.84
Separated170,380128,3203.322.58
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data. Serious crimes are those that are generally prosecuted as felonies; these include most completed or attempted violent crimes apart from simple assault, and completed burglaries and motor-vehicle thefts. See Prevalence of serious crime text box for more information, page 22). See appendix table 25 for standard errors. *Comparison year.
†Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level.
‡Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level.
aNumber of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one serious victimization during the year.
bPercentage of persons age 12 or older who experienced at least one serious victimization during the year. cExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). dIncludes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 24 3502-022 Page 24 of 53 EFTA_00001570 EFTA00156911 Additional NCVS estimates Additional NCVS victimization or incident estimates are included in tables 23 through 30. ## TABLE 23 Percent of violent victimizations reported to police, by completed, attempted, and threatened crimes, 2015-2019
Violent crime20152016201720182019*
Total46.5%43.9%44.9%42.6%40.9%
Completed55.6‰48.850.447.546.3
Attempted47.642.942.544.841.8
Threatened36.641.643.037.336.6
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Violent-crime categories include rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. See appendix table 26 for standard errors. *Comparison year. #Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## TABLE 24 Number and rate of violent victimizations, by victim’s veteran and citizenship status, 2018 and 2019
Victim veteran and citizenship status20182019*
NumberRate per 1,000aNumberRate per 1,000a
Total violent victimizationsb6,385,52023.25,813,41021.0
Veteran statusc
Veterand378,30020.7347,37019.0
Non-veterane5,115,18022.24,525,55019.5
Citizenship status
U.S. citizen6,163,57023.95,499,42021.2
U.S.-born citizenf5,900,19025.15,296,27022.4
Naturalized U.S. citizen263,38011.6203,1508.8
Non-U.S. citizen196,35012.5267,70017.7
U.S.-bornf5,900,19025.15,296,27022.4
Foreign-borng459,73011.9470,85012.3
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data. See appendix table 27 for standard errors. *Comparison year. aRate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. bIncludes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Includes threatened, attempted, and completed occurrences of those crimes. Statistically significant differences for the total victimization numbers and rates are presented using the Balanced Repeated Replication method. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate statistically significant differences for the rest of the table. cIncludes persons age 18 or older. dVeterans include persons currently or previously on active duty. Because the NCVS is a household-based survey and active-duty military personnel are more likely to be out of the household at the time of data collection, most veterans in the sample are former active-duty military personnel. eNon-veterans are persons who never served in the U.S. Armed Forces or who completed training in the Reserves or National Guard only. 9Naturalized U.S. citizens or non-U.S. citizens. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. ## TABLE 25 ## Firearm violence, 2018 and 2019
20182019*
Total violent incidentsa5,954,0905,440,680
Firearm incidents427,730440,830
Total violent victimizationsb6,385,5205,813,410
Firearm victimizations470,840481,950
Rate of firearm victimizationc1.71.7
Firearm victimizations reported to policeNumber310,310290,790
65.9%60.3%
Note: Includes violent crimes in which the offender possessed, showed, or used a firearm. See appendix table 28 for standard errors. *Comparison year. aAn incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. bEach victimization represents one person involved in an incident. Statistically significant differences for the total violent victimization numbers are presented using the Balanced Repeated Replication method. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate statistically significant differences for the rest of the table. $$ ^{c} \text{Rate is per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. See appendix table 34 for population numbers.} $$ Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. 25 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 25 of 53 | EFTA_00001571 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156912 ## TABLE 26 Percent and number of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by total population and victim and offender demographic characteristics, 2019
Demographic characteristicPopulationaNumber of violent incidentsPercent of population*a}$Percent of violent incidentsRatio of percentages
OffenderbVictimOffenderbVictimOffender to victimOffender to populationVictim to population
Total276,872,4701,871,3701,871,370100%100%100%1.01.01.0
Sex
Male134,693,6601,467,020934,15048.6%84.1% †49.9%1.71.71.0
Female142,178,810224,500937,22051.412.9 †50.10.30.31.0
Both male and female offenders~52,070~~3.0~~~~
Race/ethnicity
Whitec171,423,480769,4301,045,30061.9%47.7% †55.9%0.90.80.9
Blackc33,397,100399,860225,13012.124.8 †12.02.12.11.0
Hispanicd47,898,870371,010432,77017.323.0 †23.1 †1.01.31.3
Asianc17,401,4108,750!33,200!6.30.5 †!1.8 †!0.30.10.3
Otherc,e6,759,60048,580134,9602.43.07.2 †0.41.23.0
Multiple offenders of various racesc~16,680!~~1.0!~~~~
Age
11 or youngerf~11,890!~~0.7%!~~~~
12-1724,941,440214,650240,9709.0%13.5 †12.9%1.11.51.4
18-2952,798,870556,840608,64019.135.1 †32.5 †1.11.81.7
30 or older199,132,160739,6601,021,76071.946.6 †54.6 †0.90.60.8
Multiple offenders of various ages~63,000~~4.0~~~~
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing data for offender characteristics. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender characteristics are based on victims' perceptions of offenders. See appendix table 29 for standard errors. *Comparison group. †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. ~Not applicable. aThe National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) population represents persons age 12 or older living in non-institutionalized residential settings in the U.S. bIncludes those incidents in which the perceived offender characteristics were reported. The sex of the offender was unknown in 7% of incidents, the bIncludes those incidents in which the perceived offender characteristics were reported.The sex of the offender was unknown in 7% of incidents, the race or ethnicity of the offender was unknown in 14% of incidents, and the age of the offender was unknown in 15% of incidents. excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). dIf the victim perceived any of the offenders in a multiple offender incident to be of Hispanic origin, they are classified as Hispanic. eIncludes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. fWhile the NCVS does not survey victims age 11 or younger, victims may report the offender to be age 11 or younger. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## TABLE 27 Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender sex, 2019
Offender sex
Victim sexNumber of violent incidentsTotalMaleFemaleBoth male and female
Total1,743,590100%84.1%12.9%3.0%
Male*837,110100%87.79.13.3
Female906,480100%80.916.4†2.7
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender sex is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those incidents in which the perceived sex of the offender was reported. The sex of the offender was unknown in 7% of incidents which is why the number of incidents is only 93% as high as in table 26. See appendix table 30 for standard errors. *Comparison group. | | | | :--- | :--- | | †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% | | confidence level. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. 26 3502-022 Page 26 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 | EFTA_00001572 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156913 ## TABLE 28 Number of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
$White^{a}$$Black^{a}$$Hispanic^{b}$$Other^{a,c}$
White^{a}$937,010595,770*127,350†181,040†32,850†
Black^{a}$183,66017,690†!143,090*15,840†!7,040†!
Hispanic356,47078,950†99,070167,610*10,850†!
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 14% of violent incidents excluding simple assault which is why the number of incidents is only 86% as high as in table 26. See appendix table 31 for standard errors. *Comparison groups are intraracial victim and offender percentages (white-on-white, black-on-black, or Hispanic-on-Hispanic). Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIf the victim perceived any of the offenders in a multiple offender incident to be of Hispanic origin, they are classified as Hispanic. cIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## TABLE 29 Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
TotalWhiteaBlackaHispanicbOthera,c
Whitea937,010100%63.6%*13.6%†19.3%†3.5%†
Blacka183,660100%9.6†!77.9*8.6†!3.8†!
Hispanic356,470100%22.1†27.8†47.0*3.0†!
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 14% of violent incidents excluding simple assault which is why the number of incidents is only 86% as high as in table 26. See appendix table 32 for standard errors. *Comparison groups are intraracial victim and offender percentages (white-on-white, black-on-black, or Hispanic-on-Hispanic). Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer sample cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIf the victim perceived any of the offenders in a multiple offender incident to be of Hispanic origin, they are classified as Hispanic. cIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 27 3502-022 Page 27 of 53 EFTA_00001573 EFTA00156914 ## TABLE 30 Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault and percent of the U.S. population, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityPercent of violent incidents committed by offendersPercent of the U.S. populationaRatio of percentages
TotalOf the same race/ethnicityOf another race/ethnicityTotalOf the same race/ethnicity*Of another race/ethnicity$\cdot$Offender of same race/ethnicitybOffender of another race/ethnicity to population of another race/ethnicityc
Whited100%63.6%36.4%100%61.9%38.1%1.01.0
Blackd100%77.9†22.1†100%12.187.96.50.3
Hispanic100%47.0†53.0†100%17.382.72.70.6
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. An incident is a specific criminal act involving one or more victims. Offender race or ethnicity is based on victims’ perceptions of offenders. Includes those violent incidents in which the perceived offender race or ethnicity was reported. Offender race or ethnicity was unknown in 14% of violent incidents excluding simple assault. See appendix table 33 for standard errors. *Comparisons are between the percentage of the U.S. population of the same race or ethnicity and the percentage of violent incidents committed by offenders of the same race or ethnicity, and between the percentage of the U.S. population of another race or ethnicity and the percentage of violent incidents committed by offenders of another race or ethnicity. †Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level. aThe National Crime Victimization Survey population represents persons age 12 or older living in non-institutionalized residential settings in the U.S. bThe percentage of incidents committed by offenders of the same race or ethnicity of the victim divided by the percentage of the U.S. population of the same race or ethnicity. cThe percentage of incidents committed by offenders of another race or ethnicity divided by the percentage of the U.S. population of another race or ethnicity. $$\text{d}_{\text{Excludes persons of Hispanic origin}}$$(e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 28 3502-022 Page 28 of 53 EFTA_00001574 EFTA00156915 ## Methodology ## Survey coverage The Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is an annual data collection carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau. The NCVS is a self-reported survey that is administered annually from January 1 to December 31. Annual NCVS estimates are based on the number and characteristics of crimes respondents experienced during the prior 6 months, not including the month in which they were interviewed. Therefore, the 2019 survey covers crimes experienced from July 1, 2018 to November 30, 2019, and March 15, 2019 is the middle of the reference period. Crimes are classified by the year of the survey and not by the year of the crime. The NCVS is administered to persons age 12 or older from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. It collects information on nonfatal personal crimes (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated and simple assault, and personal larceny (purse-snatching and pick-pocketing) and household property crimes (burglary/trespassing, motor-vehicle theft, and other types of theft). The survey collects information on threatened, attempted, and completed crimes. It collects data both on crimes reported and not reported to police. Unless specified otherwise, estimates in this report include threatened, attempted, and completed crimes. In addition to providing annual level and change estimates on criminal victimization, the NCVS is the primary source of information on the nature of criminal victimization incidents. Survey respondents provide information about themselves (including age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, and income) and whether they experienced a victimization. For each victimization incident, respondents report information about the offender (including age, sex, race, ethnicity, and victim-offender relationship), characteristics of the crime (including time and place of occurrence, use of weapons, nature of injury, and economic consequences), whether the crime was reported to police, reasons the crime was or was not reported, and experiences with the criminal justice system. Household information, including household-level demographics (e.g., income) and property victimizations committed against the household (e.g., burglary/ trespassing), is typically collected from the reference person. The reference person is any responsible adult member of the household who is not likely to permanently leave the household. Because an owner or renter of the sampled housing unit is normally the most responsible and knowledgeable household member, this person is generally designated as the reference person and household respondent. However, a household respondent does not have to be one of the household members who owns or rents the unit. In the NCVS, a household is defined as a group of persons who all reside at a sampled address. Persons are considered household members when the sampled address is their usual place of residence at the time of the interview and when they have no primary place of residence elsewhere. Once selected, households remain in the sample for 3½ years, and eligible persons in these households are interviewed every 6 months, either in person or over the phone, for a total of seven interviews. First interviews are typically conducted in person, with subsequent interviews conducted either in person or by phone. New households rotate into the sample on an ongoing basis to replace outgoing households that have been in the sample for the full 3½-year period. The sample includes persons living in group quarters, such as dormitories, rooming houses, and religious-group dwellings, and excludes persons living on military bases or in institutional settings such as correctional or hospital facilities. ## Measurement of crime in the National Crime Victimization Survey BJS presents data from the NCVS on victimization, incident, and prevalence rates. Victimization rates measure the extent to which violent and property victimizations occur in a specified population during a specified time. Victimization numbers show the total number of times that people or households are victimized by crime. For crimes affecting persons, NCVS victimization rates are estimated by dividing the number of victimizations that occur during a specified time (T) by the population at risk for those victimizations and multiplying the rate by 1,000. $$\text{Victimization rate}_T = \frac{\text{Number of victimizations experienced by a specified population}_T}{\text{Number of unique persons (or households) in the specified population}_T} \times 1,000$$ 29 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 29 of 53 EFTA_00001575 EFTA00156916 For victimization rates, each victimization represents one person (for personal crimes) or one household (for property crimes) affected by a crime. Every victimization experienced by a person or household during the year is counted. For example, if one person experiences two violent crimes during the year, both are counted in the victimization rate. If one household experiences two property crimes, both are counted in the victimization rate. Victimization estimates are presented in figure 3, tables 1 through 10, table 12, and tables 23 through 25 in this report. Incident rates are another measure of crime. The number of incidents is the number of specific criminal acts involving one or more victims. If every victimization had one victim, the number of incidents would be the same as the number of victimizations. If there was more than one victim, the incident estimate is adjusted to compensate for the possibility that the incident could be reported several times by multiple victims and thus be over-counted. For example, if two people were robbed during the same incident, this crime would be counted as one incident and two victimizations. Incident estimates are presented in tables 13 through 17, and tables 25 through 30 in this report. A third measure, reflecting a population's risk of experiencing one or more criminal victimizations, is prevalence rates. Like victimization rates, prevalence rates describe the level of victimization, but the latter are based on the number of unique persons or households in the population experiencing at least one victimization during a specified time. The key distinction between a victimization and prevalence rate is whether the numerator consists of the number of victimizations or the number of unique victims. For example, a person who experienced two robberies within the past year would be counted twice in the victimization rate but only once in the prevalence rate. Prevalence rates are estimated by dividing the number of unique victims or victimized households in the specified population by the total number of persons or households in the population and multiplying the rate by 100, yielding the percentage of the population victimized at least once in a period.
Prevalence rate $T=$Number of unique victims(or victimized households)in a specified population$_{T}$Number of unique persons(or households) in thespecified population$_{T}$$\times100$
Prevalence rates are presented in figures 1 and 2, and tables 18 through 22 in this report. Prevalence rates for property crimes can be produced at the household or person levels by adjusting the numerators and denominators to reflect households or persons. Table 20 presents property-crime prevalence rates at the household level, and table 21 presents serious property-crime prevalence rates at the personal level. For more information about measuring prevalence in the NCVS, see Measuring the Prevalence of Crime with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCJ 241656, BJS, September 2013). ## Non-response and weighting adjustments The 2019 NCVS data file includes 155,076 household interviews. Overall, 71% of eligible households completed interviews. Within participating households, interviews with 249,008 persons were completed in 2019, representing an 83% response rate among eligible persons from responding households. Victimizations that occurred outside of the U.S. were excluded from this report. In 2019, about 1% of the unweighted victimizations occurred outside of the U.S. NCVS data are weighted to produce annual estimates of victimization for persons age 12 or older living in U.S. households. Because the NCVS relies on a sample rather than a census of the entire U.S. population, weights are designed to adjust to known population totals and to compensate for survey non-response and other aspects of the complex sample design. NCVS data files include person, household, victimization, and incident weights. Person weights provide an estimate of the population represented by each person in the sample. Household weights provide an estimate of the household population represented by each household in the sample. After proper adjustment, both person and household weights are also typically used to form the denominator in calculations of crime rates. For personal crimes, the incident weight 7In the NCVS, personal crimes are personal larceny (purse-snatching and pick-pocketing) and violent victimizations (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault). Homicide is not included because the NCVS is based on interviews with victims. Property crimes are burglary, residential trespassing, motor-vehicle theft, and other theft. 30 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 30 of 53 EFTA_00001576 EFTA00156917 is derived by dividing the person weight of a victim by the total number of persons victimized during an incident, as reported by the respondent. For property crimes measured at the household level, the incident weight and the household weight are the same, because the victim of a property crime is considered to be the household as a whole. The incident weight is most frequently used to calculate estimates of offenders' and victims’ demographics. Victimization weights used in this report account for the number of persons victimized during an incident and for high-frequency repeat-victimizations (i.e., series victimizations). Series victimizations are similar in type to one another but occur with such frequency that a victim is unable to recall each individual event or describe each event in detail. Survey procedures allow NCVS interviewers to identify and classify these similar victimizations as series victimizations and to collect detailed information on only the most recent incident in the series. The weighting counts series victimizations as the actual number of victimizations reported by the victim, up to a maximum of 10. Doing so produces more reliable estimates of crime levels than counting such victimizations only once, while the cap at 10 minimizes the effect of extreme outliers on rates. According to the 2019 data, series victimizations accounted for 1.4% of all victimizations and 3.1% of all violent victimizations. Additional information on the enumeration of series victimizations is detailed in the report Methods for Counting High-Frequency Repeat Victimizations in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCJ 237308, BJS, April 2012). ## Changes to the household weighting adjustment in 2017 The 2017 NCVS weights included a new adjustment that modified household weights to reflect independent housing-unit totals available internally at the U.S. Census Bureau. This new adjustment was applied only to household weights for housing units and does not affect person weights. Historically, the household weights were adjusted to reflect independent totals for the person population. This new weighting adjustment improves on the prior one and better aligns the number of estimated households in the NCVS with other Census household-survey estimates. Due to this new adjustment, the 2017 NCVS estimate for the number of households was about 8% lower than the 2016 NCVS estimate. As a result, the estimate of the number of households affected by property crime was also about 8% lower. When making comparisons of property crime at the household level between 2017 and prior years, compare victimization or prevalence rates. Rates are unaffected by this change in weighting methodology because both the numerator and denominator are equally affected. Comparisons of the number of households that were victimized between 2017 and prior years are inappropriate due to this change in weighting methodology. Property crime measured at the person level is unaffected by the change (as presented in measures of serious crime). For more information on weighting in the NCVS, see the Non-response and weighting adjustments section in this methodology and National Crime Victimization Survey, 2016 Technical Documentation (NCJ 251442, BJS, December 2017). ## Changes to the classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas Beginning in 2019, the NCVS employed a new method for classifying geographical areas (see Classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey on pp. 12-15). All census blocks not in urbanized areas or urbanized clusters, as defined by the Census Bureau, are classified as rural, consistent with the Census Bureau's definition of rural. Census blocks within cities or Census-designated places that meet certain criteria based on population and density are classified as urban (see appendix table 36), while all other census blocks in urbanized areas or urban clusters are classified as suburban. Classifications of urban places are based on population size, weighted housing-unit density, and the Census Bureau’s designations of urbanized areas and urban clusters, using data from the 2010 Census. Housing-unit density is the number of housing units per square mile in a given area. Weighted housing-unit density, under BJS’s approach, is the weighted average of the housing-unit densities for all census tracts in an area, with the tracts weighted by their number of housing units. Housing-unit addresses are converted into geographical coordinates through a process called geocoding. Housing units that cannot be geocoded are imputed. For more information on imputation procedures, see National Crime Victimization Survey, 2016 Technical Documentation (NCJ 251442, BJS, December 2017). 31 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 31 of 53 EFTA_00001577 EFTA00156918 Table 31 shows the 2019 U.S. resident population for those age 12 or older and the number of households in each category (urban, suburban, rural) under both the new and historical classifications. About one-third of the U.S. resident population age 12 or older were classified as residing in an urban area under the historical definition, compared to about one-eighth under the new definition. The percentage of the resident population classified as residing in a suburban area shifted from 53% to 69%, while the percentage classified as rural shifted from 14% to 19%. Similar shifts in the number of households were observed under the new classification. ## Standard error computations When national estimates are derived from a sample, as with the NCVS, caution must be used when comparing one estimate to another or when comparing estimates over time. Although one estimate may be larger than another, estimates based on a sample have some degree of sampling error. The sampling error of an estimate depends on several factors, including the amount of variation in the responses and the size of the sample. When the sampling error around an estimate is taken into account, estimates that appear different may not be statistically significant. One measure of the sampling error associated with an estimate is the standard error. The standard error may vary from one estimate to the next. Generally, an estimate with a smaller standard error provides a more reliable approximation of the true value than an estimate with a larger standard error. Estimates with relatively large standard errors have less precision and reliability and should be interpreted with caution. For complex sample designs, there are several methods that can be used to generate standard errors around a point estimate (e.g., numbers, percentages, and rates). In this report, generalized variance function (GVF) parameters and direct-variance estimation were used for variance estimation. Parameters are produced for GVFs that compute the variance of any crime estimate based on the value of that crime estimate. The GVF parameters are generated by fitting estimates and their relative variance to a regression model, using an iterative weighted least-squares procedure where the weight is the inverse of the square of the predicted relative variance. Compared to GVFs, direct-variance estimation is generally considered more accurate in approximating the true variance. In an effort to improve the quality and accuracy of NCVS estimates, BJS used direct-variance estimation instead of GVFs for tables 1 TABLE 31 Population and number of households, by old and new definition of location of residence, 2019
Location of residenceOld definitionNew definition
NumberPercentNumberPercent
Total U.S. resident population age 12 or older276,900,000100%276,900,000100%
  Urban92,450,0003333,910,00012
  Suburban146,700,00053190,800,00069
  Rural37,720,0001452,160,00019
Number of households126,400,000100%126,400,000100%
  Urban43,770,0003515,900,00013
  Suburban65,000,0005187,410,00069
  Rural17,660,0001423,130,00018
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations. 32 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 32 of 53 EFTA_00001578 EFTA00156919 and 2 (and for totals in tables 4, 9, 24, and 25 that are also presented in tables 1 and 2, and statistics in table 12 that are based on the new classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas). To generate standard errors around the victimization estimates found in tables 1 and 2 (and totals in tables 4, 9, 24, and 25, and statistics in table 12 that are based on the new classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas), BJS used a specialized version of Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) estimation using Fay's method. $ ^{8} $ BRR estimation is a type of direct-replication-variance estimation. Under replicate-variance-estimation, a set of replicate weights (e.g., the NCVS typically has a set consisting of 160 replicate weights) is used to capture the sampling variance. Fay's method is utilized for surveys that have rare outcomes in which the entire sample is necessary to properly estimate the variance. The standard error estimates for tables 1 and 2 (and totals in tables 4, 9, 24, and 25), estimated using BRR, differ from those previously reported in prior Criminal Victimization bulletins, which used GVF parameters. Year-to-year statistically significant differences may also vary from those previously reported. See table 32 for comparisons of significance testing between the two methods for 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 compared to 2018, as previously reported in Criminal Victimization, 2018 (NCJ 253043, BJS, September 2019). The U.S. Census Bureau produces GVF parameters for BJS, which account for aspects of the NCVS's complex sample design and represent the curve fitted to a selection of individual standard errors, using a specialized version of BRR based on Fay's method. GVFs express the variance as a function of the expected value of the survey estimate. $ ^{9} $ For more information on GVFs, see National Crime Victimization Survey, 2016 Technical Documentation (NCJ 251442, BJS, December 2017). Besides tables 1 and 2 (and totals in tables 4, 9, 24, and 25, and statistics in table 12 that are based on the new classification of urban, suburban, and rural areas), all standard errors for victimization and incident estimates in this report were generated using GVFs. TABLE 32 Significant differences in the rate of victimizations, by variance-estimation method and type of crime, 2014-2017 versus 2018
Type of crime20142015201620172018*
GVFBRRGVFBRRGVFBRRGVFBRRGVFBRR
Violent crime††††††~~
Rape/sexual assault††††††††~~
Robbery~~
Assault††~~
Aggravated assault†~~
Simple assault‡†‡~~
Violent crime excluding simple assault†††††~~
Property crime††††~~
Burglary/trespassing†‡~~
Burglary†‡~~
Trespassing~~
Motor-vehicle theft~~
Other theft††††~~
Note: In this report, standard error estimates for tables 1 and 2 were computed using Balanced Repeated Replication, while estimates reported in prior Criminal Victimization bulletins used generalized-variance function parameters. Year-to-year statistically significant differences vary by method in some cases, as shown in this table. *Comparison year. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. ‡Difference with comparison year is significant at the 90% confidence level. ~Not applicable as 2018 is the comparison year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2014-2018. To generate standard errors around prevalence estimates, BJS used BRR and Taylor Series Linearization (TSL) methods. The TSL method directly estimates variances through a linearized function by combining variance estimates from the stratum and primary sampling units (PSUs) used to sample households and persons. $ ^{10} $ In the NCVS, the design parameters used for computing TSL variances are PSUEDOSTRATA (stratum) and HALFSAMPLE (PSU). These design parameters are available for all years except the first half of 1993 and all of 2016; therefore, BRR methods were used for 2016 prevalence estimates. Direct-variance estimation—BRR and TSL—is generally considered more accurate, in terms of how closely the variance estimate approximates the true variance, than GVFs. With direct-variance estimation, each estimate is generated based on the outcome being estimated rather than being generated based on a generalized function. $$\textsuperscript{8} \text{Fay, R. E. (1989). Theory and Application of Replicate Weighting for Variance Calculations. In Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association, 212-217.}$$ 9Wolter, K. M. (1984). An Investigation of Some Estimators of Variance for Systematic Sampling. Journal of the American Statistical Association 79, 781-790. 10Woodruff, R. S. (1971). A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate. Journal of the American Statistical Association 66, 411-414. 33 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 33 of 53 EFTA_00001579 EFTA00156920 BJS conducted statistical tests to determine whether differences in estimated numbers, percentages, and rates in this report were statistically significant once sampling error was taken into account. Using statistical analysis programs developed specifically for the NCVS, all comparisons in the text were tested for significance. The primary test procedure was the Student’s t-statistic, which tests the difference between two sample estimates. Findings described in this report as increases or decreases passed a test at either the 0.05 level (95% confidence level) or 0.10 level (90% confidence level) of significance. Figures and tables in this report should be referenced for testing on specific findings. Estimates and standard errors of the estimates provided in this report may be used to generate a confidence interval around the estimate as a measure of the margin of error. The following example illustrates how standard errors may be used to generate confidence intervals: Based on the 2019 NCVS, the rate of violent victimization reported to police, excluding simple assault, in 2019 was 3.4 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older (see appendix table 3). Using the GVFs, BJS determined that the estimated victimization rate has a standard error of 0.38 (see appendix table 3). A confidence interval around the estimate is generated by multiplying the standard error by $ \pm1.96 $ (the t-score of a normal, two-tailed distribution that excludes 2.5% at either end of the distribution). Therefore, the 95% confidence interval around the 3.4 estimate from 2019 is $ 3.4\pm(0.38\times1.96) $ or (2.63 to 4.13). In other words, if BJS used the same sampling method to select different samples and computed an interval estimate for each sample, it would expect the true population parameter (rate of violent victimization) to fall within the interval estimates 95% of the time. For this report, BJS also calculated a coefficient of variation (CV) for all estimates, representing the ratio of the standard error to the estimate. CVs (not shown in tables) provide another measure of reliability and a means for comparing the precision of estimates across measures with differing levels or metrics. ## Revised 2016 data file For 2016, BJS greatly increased the NCVS sample size to facilitate the ability to produce state-level victimization estimates for the 22 most populous states. At the same time, the sample was adjusted to reflect the U.S. population counts in the 2010 decennial census. These changes resulted in a historically large number of new households and first-time interviews in the first half of 2016 and produced challenges in comparing 2016 results to prior data years. Working with the U.S. Census Bureau, BJS subsequently devised the methodology that was used to create the revised 2016 NCVS data file. The result was revised criminal victimization estimates that were nationally representative for 2016 and could be compared with prior and future years. See National Crime Victimization Survey revised 2016 estimates text box (pp. 3-4) and Methodology (pp. 15-18) in Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised (NCJ 252121, BJS, October 2018), for more information. ## NCVS measurement of rape or sexual assault The NCVS uses a two-stage measurement approach in the screening and classification of criminal victimization, including rape or sexual assault. In the first stage of screening, survey respondents are administered a series of short-cue screening questions designed to help respondents think about different experiences they may have had during the reference period. (See NCVS-1 at https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ncvs15_bsq.pdf) This design improves respondents’ recall of events, particularly for incidents that may not immediately come to mind as crimes, such as those committed by family members and acquaintances. Respondents who answer affirmatively to any of the short-cue screening items are subsequently administered a crime incident report (CIR) designed to classify incidents into specific crime types. (See NCVS-2 at https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ncvs15_cir.pdf) First stage of measurement. Two short-cue screening questions are specifically designed to target sexual victimization: 1. Other than any incidents already mentioned, has anyone attacked or threatened you in any of these ways— a. with any weapon, such as a gun or knife b. with anything like a baseball bat, frying pan, scissors, or stick c. by something thrown, such as a rock or bottle d. by grabbing, punching, or choking e. any rape, attempted rape, or other types of sexual attack 34 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 34 of 53 EFTA_00001580 EFTA00156921 f. any face-to-face threats g. any attack or threat or use of force by anyone at all? Please mention it even if you are not certain it was a crime. 2. Incidents involving forced or unwanted sexual acts are often difficult to talk about. Other than any incidents already mentioned, have you been forced or coerced to engage in unwanted sexual activity by— a. someone you did not know b. a casual acquaintance c. someone you know well? Respondents may screen into a CIR if they respond affirmatively to another short-cue screening question. For instance, a separate screening question cues respondents to think of attacks or threats that took place in specific locations, such as at home, work, or school. Respondents who recall a sexual victimization that occurred at home, work, or school and answer affirmatively would be administered a CIR even if they did not respond affirmatively to the screening question targeting sexual victimization. Second stage of measurement. The CIR is used to collect information on the attributes of each incident. The key attributes of sexual violence that are used to classify a victimization as a rape or sexual assault are the type of attack and physical injury suffered. Victims are asked if “the offender hit you, knock[ed] you down, or actually attack[ed] you in any way”; if “the offender TR[IED] to attack you”; or if “the offender THREATEN[ED] you with harm in any way?” The survey participant is classified as a victim of rape or sexual assault if he or she responds affirmatively to one of these three questions and then responds that the completed, attempted, or threatened attack was— rape attempted rape sexual assault other than rape or attempted rape verbal threat of rape verbal threat of sexual assault other than rape - unwanted sexual contact without force (e.g., grabbing or fondling). If the victim selects one of the following response options to describe the attack, he or she is also classified as a Classification of rape and sexual assault in the National Crime Victimization Survey
MeasureElement of sexual violence
Completed rapeType of attack=rape
Type of injury=rape
Attempted rapeType of attack=attempted rape
Type of injury=attempted rape
Type of threat=verbal threat of rape with weapon
Threatened rapeType of attempted attack/threat=verbal threat of rape
Sexual assaultType of attack=sexual assault other than rape or attempted rape
Type of injury=sexual assault other than rape or attempted rape
Type of attempted attack/threat=unwanted sexual contact with force
Type of attempted attack/threat=unwanted sexual contact without force
Type of attempted attack/threat=verbal threat of sexual assault other than rape
Note: Victim is determined to be present in all measures of rape and sexual assault.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019.
victim of rape or sexual assault if the injuries suffered as a result of the incident are described as— rape attempted rape sexual assault other than rape or attempted rape. Coercion. The CIR does not ask respondents if psychological coercion was used, nor make any explicit reference to the victim being unable to provide consent (e.g., in incidents involving drugs or alcohol use). One screening question targeted to rape and sexual assault asks respondents if force or coercion was used to initiate unwanted sexual activity. The final classification of incidents by the CIR results in the following definitions of rape and sexual assault used in the NCVS: Rape. Coerced or forced sexual intercourse. Forced sexual intercourse means vaginal, anal, or oral penetration by the offender(s). This category could include incidents where the penetration was from a foreign object such as a bottle. It includes attempted rape, threatened rape, male and female victims, and both heterosexual and same-sex incidents. Sexual assault. A wide range of victimizations, separate from rape, attempted rape, or threatened rape. These crimes include attacks or threatened attacks involving unwanted sexual contact between the victim and offender. Sexual assaults may or may not involve force and include such things as grabbing or fondling. 35 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 35 of 53 | EFTA_00001581 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156922 Estimates and standard errors for figure 1: Percent of U.S. residents age 12 or older who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault, 1993-2019
YearNumber of personsEstimateStandard error95% confidence interval
EstimateStandard errorLower boundUpper bound
19932,654,09050,7811.26%0.023%1.213%1.305%
19942,965,90090,2911.390.0401.3151.472
19952,514,40083,0611.170.0361.1011.242
19962,278,27082,4981.050.0350.9811.121
19972,306,400100,2891.050.0400.9721.132
19982,022,980104,8050.910.0430.8301.002
19991,821,83070,2050.810.0320.7510.876
20001,622,85082,6340.720.0350.6500.787
20011,448,91076,7850.630.0320.5710.699
20021,222,94061,3500.530.0250.4810.580
20031,277,40067,9570.530.0250.4860.586
20041,276,56077,1710.530.0310.4710.592
20051,238,41070,4820.510.0270.4550.563
2006------------
20071,210,66069,2660.480.0280.4310.542
20081,210,98064,1220.480.0260.4310.534
20091,107,63063,1440.440.0240.3910.486
20101,094,28074,9520.430.0290.3740.488
20111,205,46060,8580.470.0220.4270.513
20121,271,77074,5120.490.0270.4340.542
20131,145,35056,4130.430.0210.3940.476
20141,235,29066,2230.460.0250.4170.515
20151,099,40060,8170.410.0230.3650.455
20161,123,19078,8870.410.0290.3560.469
20171,225,80057,7380.450.0210.4100.493
20181,367,27065,6260.500.0230.4530.545
20191,216,40059,9530.440.0210.3990.483
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 36 3502-022 Page 36 of 53 EFTA_00001582 EFTA00156923 APPENDIX TABLE 2 Estimates and standard errors for figure 2: Percent of U.S. households who were victims of burglary, 1993-2019
YearNumber of householdsPercent of households
EstimateStandard errorEstimateStandard error95% confidence interval
Lower boundUpper bound
19931,282,24047,2912.57%0.087%2.406%2.748%
19942,908,56082,5502.890.0742.7493.042
19952,699,99090,7092.660.0822.5032.827
19962,516,68082,5602.450.0732.3112.598
19972,491,98099,0832.400.0782.2472.555
19982,236,96088,8362.120.0701.9902.267
19991,984,12086,3251.850.0731.7142.000
20001,901,64083,0871.760.0701.6221.899
20011,782,48080,3011.630.0621.5091.753
20021,787,40074,7161.620.0621.5031.746
20031,953,04086,6381.710.0701.5781.856
20041,895,12084,4241.640.0711.5021.784
20051,982,23097,8441.690.0801.5411.859
2006------------
20071,737,94075,9131.450.0601.3401.578
20081,694,44076,9601.400.0611.2841.524
20091,809,05084,1591.480.0661.3531.616
20101,775,97072,3351.450.0571.3381.561
20111,797,37074,8091.460.0551.3561.574
20121,976,44082,2451.570.0651.4461.703
20131,775,40079,8721.390.0611.2761.517
20141,638,92066,0131.270.0511.1691.371
20151,562,13074,2171.180.0551.0801.297
20161,455,72057,4171.090.0431.0071.176
20171,273,41058,7601.030.0470.9471.131
20181,333,60058,0521.070.0460.9821.163
20191,040,73050,1200.820.0390.7500.903
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 37 3502-022 Page 37 of 53 EFTA_00001583 EFTA00156924 ## APPENDIX TABLE 3 Estimates and standard errors for figure 3: Rate of violent victimization excluding simple assault and rate of violent victimization reported to police, excluding simple assault, 1993-2019
YearViolent victimizations, excluding simple assaultViolent victimizations reported to police, excluding simple assault
Rate per 1,000 persons age 12 or olderStandard error95% confidence intervalRate per 1,000 persons age 12 or olderStandard error95% confidence interval
Lower boundUpper boundLower boundUpper bound
199329.11.5726.0032.1514.91.1712.5817.15
199427.01.3524.3929.6813.40.9211.6415.23
199522.41.1420.1224.5911.10.829.5312.77
199621.81.2619.3424.3010.10.848.4511.75
199721.11.3918.3823.8111.51.019.5013.45
199816.61.1614.3218.859.10.837.5010.74
199915.91.1313.6918.128.00.796.489.56
200012.40.9310.6014.246.40.685.117.78
200111.00.799.4712.596.30.615.157.54
200210.00.928.1611.766.40.735.027.88
200310.00.788.4911.535.80.624.627.07
20049.50.678.1610.806.00.564.867.05
20059.20.767.7410.735.40.594.296.61
2006----------------
20079.00.727.5510.375.00.583.886.16
20087.90.746.479.384.40.543.385.51
20097.80.646.519.003.80.542.794.89
20106.60.685.297.953.80.522.794.81
20117.20.635.968.444.40.513.415.41
20128.00.586.819.104.30.453.445.22
20137.30.725.928.764.50.593.335.62
20147.70.656.398.924.30.503.295.24
20156.80.605.617.953.70.472.804.65
20166.60.475.687.533.50.372.784.23
20177.30.536.308.393.80.393.024.53
20188.60.667.309.894.30.463.395.19
20197.30.576.168.383.40.382.634.13
--Estimates for 2006 should not be compared to other years and are excluded from this table. See Criminal Victimization, 2007 (NCJ 224390, BJS, December 2008) for more information on changes to the 2006 National Crime Victimization Survey. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1993-2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 4 Estimates for figure 5: Location of residence classification, by source of classification
AHS respondent classificationNew NCVS definitionOld NCVS definition
Location of residenceUrbanSuburbanRuralUrbanSuburbanRuralUrbanSuburbanRural
Biggest principal city of MSA58%40%2%43%56%1%100%0%0%
Other principal city of MSA316721188110000
In MSA but not principal city1464222791901000
In micropolitan area2029520524800100
Outside of metro/micro area1317700257500100
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey, 2017; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 38 3502-022 Page 38 of 53 | EFTA_00001584 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just the text "EFTA_00001584". EFTA00156925 ## APPENDIX TABLE 5 Standard errors for table 1: Number and rate of violent victimizations, by type of crime, 2015-2019
Type of violent crime20152016201720182019
NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000
Violent crime301,6001.12244,3990.90252,7600.93343,7451.25295,2871.07
  Rape/sexual assault79,7930.3054,6960.2063,0310.2376,4730.2870,6560.26
  Robbery70,6120.2645,8060.1771,4900.2661,6850.2261,7080.22
  Assault253,0310.94226,9700.83228,1550.84317,6371.15264,7120.96
    Aggravated assault76,6620.2883,7900.3173,8740.2769,2720.2587,5530.32
    Simple assault241,1820.89198,8280.73215,1260.79316,0221.15246,2340.89
Violent crime excluding simple assault145,4460.54107,8380.40118,4600.44126,2950.46128,9350.47
Note: Standard errors were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 6 Standard errors for table 2: Number and rate of property victimizations, by type of crime, 2015-2019
20152016201720182019
Type of property crimeNumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000
Total382,5792.96367,2552.72247,5071.97246,0351.90256,4121.96
Burglary/trespassing119,0680.92131,5230.98107,1440.88111,3360.8996,4710.76
Burglary96,4240.74115,0210.8679,2600.6593,1320.7586,8220.68
Trespassing63,9060.4972,8740.5461,1710.5043,7380.3551,3880.40
Motor-vehicle theft54,7620.4161,9850.4738,0670.3140,1050.3242,8720.34
Other theft309,0482.38291,5992.17199,5471.58202,9491.56221,5611.70
Note: Standard errors were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. APPENDIX TABLE 7 Standard errors for table 3: Number and rate of violent victimizations, by selected characteristics of violent crime, 2018 and 2019
20182019
Selected characteristics of violent crimeNumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000
Domestic violence137,3890.50122,6410.44
Intimate partner violence100,4360.3686,4830.31
Stranger violence212,2080.77192,6100.70
Violent crime involving injury145,6040.53129,7960.47
Violent crime involving a weapon137,1500.50119,3640.43
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019.
## APPENDIX TABLE 8 Standard errors for table 4: Rate of completed, attempted, and threatened violent victimizations, 2015-2019
Violent victimizations20152016201720182019
Totala1.120.900.931.251.07
Completed0.550.400.450.570.47
Attempted0.580.440.510.580.55
Threatened0.560.550.570.690.63
$$ ^{a} \mathrm{Standard errors for the total victimization rates were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate standard errors for the rest of the table. } $$ Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. 39 3502-022 Page 39 of 53 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 | EFTA_00001585 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just the text "EFTA_00001585". EFTA00156926 ## APPENDIX TABLE 9 Standard errors for table 5: Rates of crime reported to police in the Uniform Crime Reporting program and in the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019
Type of crimeRate per 1,000 persons age 12 or older
2018 NCVS2019 NCVS
Violent crime excluding simple assault0.4600.382
Murder~~
Rape/sexual assault0.1300.117
Robbery0.2000.158
Aggravated assault0.3000.261
Rate per 1,000 households
2018 NCVS2019 NCVS
Property crime1.1101.111
Burglarya0.4440.422
Motor-vehicle theft0.3000.292
~Not applicable. aStandard errors differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 10
Percent of victimizations reported to policeRate of victimizations reported to police per 1,000
Type of crime2018201920182019
Violent crime2.26%2.26%0.820.72
Rape/sexual assault3.735.120.130.12
Robbery4.965.220.200.16
Assault2.422.390.700.63
Aggravated assault4.064.170.300.26
Simple assault2.522.520.550.51
Violent crime excluding simple assault3.14%3.26%0.460.38
Selected characteristics of violent crime
Domestic violence3.75%3.98%0.300.29
Intimate partner violence4.334.760.210.22
Stranger violence3.033.040.440.37
Violent crime involving injury3.693.850.350.29
Violent crime involving a weapon3.774.040.350.28
Property crime0.81%0.86%1.111.11
Burglary/trespassing1.762.000.530.51
Burglarya2.072.380.440.42
Trespassinga3.103.330.270.25
Motor-vehicle theft3.073.220.300.29
Other theft0.860.890.870.87
aStandard errors differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. 40 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 40 of 53 EFTA_00001586 EFTA00156927 ## APPENDIX TABLE 11 Standard errors for table 7: Rate of violent victimization reported and not reported to police, by completed, attempted, and threatened crimes, 2015-2019
Rate of reported crime per 1,000Rate of unreported crime per 1,000
Violent crime2015201620172018201920152016201720182019
Total0.840.680.710.820.720.890.790.790.980.91
Completed0.440.290.320.380.320.370.300.310.400.34
Attempted0.410.300.320.380.350.430.360.390.420.43
Threatened0.340.370.370.390.360.460.460.430.550.52
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey 2015-2019
## APPENDIX TABLE 12 ## Standard errors for table 8: Percent of violent victimizations for which victims received assistance from a victim-service agency, by type of crime, 2018 and 2019
Type of crime20182019
Violent crime1.17%0.99%
Violent crime excluding simple assault1.791.74
Simple assault1.261.00
Intimate partner violence3.06%3.97%
Violent crime involving injury2.28%2.69%
Violent crime involving a weapon2.03%1.74%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019.
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 41 3502-022 Page 41 of 53 EFTA_00001587 EFTA00156928 ## APPENDIX TABLE 13 Standard errors for table 9: Rate of violent victimization, by type of crime and demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicTotal violent victimizationViolent victimization excluding simple assault
2018201920182019
$Total^{a}$1.251.070.460.47
Sex
Male1.741.640.830.82
Female1.831.600.970.77
Race/ethnicity
White1.761.520.820.69
Black2.492.321.561.24
Hispanic2.102.251.251.39
Asian2.641.631.330.72
Other7.338.664.264.31
Age
12-173.803.821.721.82
18-243.723.752.222.18
25-343.052.551.531.30
35-492.381.971.260.98
50-641.911.920.940.86
65 or older1.010.950.510.46
Marital status
Never married2.532.341.331.23
Married1.171.100.560.45
Widow/widower2.322.131.191.32
Divorced4.033.252.141.74
Separated8.769.434.664.64
Household income
Less than $25,0003.463.282.091.74
$25,000-$49,9992.181.921.161.01
$50,000-$99,9991.591.570.680.75
$100,000-$199,9992.141.830.970.73
$200,000 or more2.742.790.951.54
aStandard errors for the total victimization rates were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate standard errors for the rest of the table. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 14 APPENDIX TABLE 14 Standard errors for table 10: Percent and rate of violent victimizations reported to police, by type of crime and demographic characteristics of victims, 2019
Victim demographic characteristicTotal violent victimization reported to policeViolent victimization excluding simple assault reported to police
PercentRate per 1,000PercentRate per 1,000
Total2.26%0.723.26%0.38
Sex
Male2.72%0.824.13%0.49
Female2.870.954.150.46
Race/ethnicity
White2.55%0.784.00%0.41
Black4.961.477.240.82
Hispanic4.151.415.420.88
Asian9.141.0416.200.44
Other5.414.987.661.99
Age
12-173.52%1.546.45%0.98
18-243.832.015.171.15
25-343.971.545.800.93
35-493.861.155.650.56
50-643.921.176.180.57
65 or older6.270.5510.130.34
Marital status
Never married2.63%1.163.86%0.69
Married3.590.655.960.28
Widow/widower8.351.3411.311.01
Divorced4.541.986.631.12
Separated6.317.0910.223.46
Household income
Less than $25,0003.33%1.864.80%1.06
$25,000-$49,9993.711.135.330.70
$50,000-$99,9993.540.905.300.44
$100,000-$199,9994.040.897.490.43
$200,000 or more5.621.305.980.47
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 42 3502-022 Page 42 of 53 | EFTA_00001588 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown representation of the provided image, preserving the original layout with headings, paragraphs, and formulas as they appear. No additional content has been added or removed. EFTA00156929 ## APPENDIX TABLE 15 Standard errors for table 12: Rate of victimization, by type of crime and location of residence, 2018 and 2019 Rate per 1,000
Location of residenceRate per 1,000
Violent crimeViolent crime excluding simple assaultProperty crime
201820192018201920182019
New definition
Urban2.442.031.531.066.197.66
Suburban1.471.300.570.602.502.32
Rural2.642.080.731.204.624.08
Old definition
Urban2.332.101.301.083.533.76
Suburban1.511.350.710.662.332.29
Rural2.862.791.451.264.314.70
Note: Standard errors for estimates using the new definition of location of residence were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Standard errors for estimates using the old definition of location of residence were calculated using generalized variance function parameters. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and 2013 OMB Metropolitan Statistical Area designations. ## APPENDIX TABLE 16 Standard errors for table 13: Percent and number of violent incidents, by total population and victim and offender demographic characteristics, 2019
Demographic characteristicNumber of violent incidentsPercent of violent incidents
OffenderVictim
OffenderVictimStandard errorLower boundUpper boundStandard errorLower boundUpper bound
Total305,087305,087~~~~~~
Sex
Male275,778216,1942.22%70.68%79.36%2.39%44.36%53.74%
Female116,923221,9061.8217.8324.962.4046.2455.66
Both male and female offenders35,760~0.662.294.89~~~
Race/ethnicity
White194,634254,2092.53%45.20%55.12%2.38%57.45%66.79%
Black120,91276,8232.0221.0228.951.238.3013.12
Hispanic99,372105,0191.7615.2622.161.5813.9320.14
Asian14,86727,9070.320.351.600.491.303.23
Other38,99162,5440.803.006.121.035.859.89
Multiple offenders of various races11,207~0.240.131.08~~~
Age
11 or younger23,555~0.49%1.07%2.98%~~~
12-1788,86195,1061.5912.4518.691.47%11.84%17.58%
18-29135,533153,4672.1524.8133.222.0625.6933.78
30 or older196,642235,4622.5245.0754.932.4150.8360.28
Multiple offenders of various ages32,576~0.662.094.68~~~
~Not applicable. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 43 3502-022 Page 43 of 53 | EFTA_00001589 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156930 ## APPENDIX TABLE 17 Standard errors for table 14: Percent of violent incidents, by victim and offender sex, 2019 ## APPENDIX TABLE 18
Offender sex
Victim sexNumber of violent incidentsMaleFemaleBoth male and female
Total291,1642.22%1.82%0.62%
Male201,6262.501.920.86
Female215,9262.882.520.86
Standard errors for table 15: Number of violent incidents, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019.
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
WhiteBlackHispanicOther
White223,256160,16866,79765,94230,010
Black68,85622,88654,36014,7077,734
Hispanic93,01034,33143,80153,1479,216
## APPENDIX TABLE 19 Standard errors for table 16: Percent of violent incidents, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
WhiteBlackHispanicOther
White223,2562.94%1.97%1.95%1.00%
Black68,8563.875.082.711.51
Hispanic93,0103.554.134.491.15
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 20 Standard errors for table 17: Percent of violent incidents and percent of the U.S. population, by victim race or ethnicity, 2019 Percent of violent incidents committed by offenders
Victim race/ethnicityOf the same race/ethnicityOf another race/ethnicity
Standard error95% confidence intervalStandard error95% confidence interval
Lower boundUpper boundLower boundUpper bound
White2.94%55.82%67.34%2.80%32.93%43.90%
Black5.0860.0579.964.7720.6439.35
Hispanic4.4934.4152.014.5947.7965.79
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 44 3502-022 Page 44 of 53 EFTA_00001590 EFTA00156931 # APPENDIX TABLE 21 Standard errors for table 18: Number and percent of persons who were victims of violent crime, by type of crime, 2015-2019
Number of victimsPercent of persons
Type of crime2015201620172018201920152016201720182019
Total violent crime115,64998,610105,403106,453101,9660.041%0.036%0.038%0.037%0.036%
Rape/sexual assault27,82822,99018,64233,61922,4820.0100.0080.0070.0120.008
Robbery36,76128,20634,67130,65730,9470.0140.0100.0130.0110.011
Assault103,99792,48197,14792,85294,1180.0370.0340.0350.0330.033
Aggravated assault42,62650,02043,54243,72646,5490.0160.0180.0160.0160.017
Simple assault89,12578,88783,93189,16778,6550.0320.0290.0310.0320.028
Violent crime excluding simple assault60,81759,66657,73865,62659,9530.023%0.022%0.021%0.023%0.021%
Selected characteristics of violent crime
Domestic violence42,86935,89936,76244,97336,5830.016%0.013%0.013%0.016%0.013%
Intimate partner violence35,43225,97627,56933,58728,9840.0130.0100.0100.0120.010
Stranger violence67,17665,33871,40470,40269,3430.0250.0240.0270.0250.025
Violent crime involving injury55,23548,73241,37947,60649,9550.0200.0180.0150.0170.018
Violent crime involving a weapon42,10150,71050,00646,48550,0360.0160.0190.0180.0170.018
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 22 Standard errors for table 19: Number and percent of persons who were victims of violent crime, by demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicNumber of victimsPercent of persons
2018201920182019
Total106,453101,9660.037%0.036%
Sex
Male65,16273,1790.047%0.054%
Female75,56063,3670.0530.044
Race/ethnicity
White85,11269,5590.047%0.040%
Black40,44634,9280.1210.105
Hispanic39,61149,0690.0820.100
Asian16,80615,6450.0940.088
Other22,28022,7610.3210.308
Age
12-1735,62840,2420.143%0.162%
18-2441,44741,1570.1360.134
25-3448,17247,3190.1060.099
35-4942,04443,2560.0670.068
50-6441,86042,1670.0650.068
65 or older24,64420,5890.0470.039
Marital status
Never married71,57870,9200.074%0.070%
Married50,69348,3750.0380.037
Widow/widower21,43515,2130.1370.099
Divorced32,60827,2330.1160.100
Separated18,12419,3340.3400.369
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 45 3502-022 Page 45 of 53 | EFTA_00001591 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156932
Type of property crimeNumber of households victimizedPercent of households victimized
2015201620172018201920152016201720182019
Total253,856188,207166,394169,072163,2750.167%0.141%0.124%0.119%0.118%
Burglary/trespassing89,61264,41367,51366,27061,0660.065%0.048%0.053%0.051%0.047%
Burglarya}$74,21757,41758,76058,05250,1200.0550.0430.0470.0460.039
Trespassinga}$51,20837,26232,63830,96032,8060.0380.0280.0260.0240.026
Motor-vehicle theft37,26937,80931,18829,68430,8700.028%0.028%0.025%0.024%0.024%
Other theft214,688160,814148,890153,323147,4430.144%0.120%0.112%0.113%0.108%
aStandard errors differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. APPENDIX TABLE 24 Standard errors for table 21: Number and percent of persons who were victims of serious crime, 2015-2019
Number of victimsPercent or persons
Type of crime2015201620172018201920152016201720182019
Total serious crime186,600178,870182,207185,193129,1330.065%0.066%0.065%0.064%0.045%
Serious violent crime60,60758,12556,69460,81058,2500.023%0.021%0.021%0.022%0.021%
Rape/sexual assault excl.threats and no-force contact26,07720,02016,05127,52919,3930.0100.0070.0060.0100.007
Robbery36,76128,20634,67130,65730,9470.0140.0100.0130.0110.011
Aggravated assault42,62650,02043,54243,72646,5490.0160.0180.0160.0160.017
Serious property crime179,271165,105178,302168,239108,9240.063%0.061%0.064%0.059%0.039%
Completed burglary163,829142,340151,871145,85595,9620.0580.0520.0550.0520.034
Completed motor-vehicle theft83,19387,68880,92393,98665,2820.0300.0320.0300.0340.024
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019.
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 46 3502-022 Page 46 of 53 EFTA_00001592 EFTA00156933 APPENDIX TABLE 25 Standard errors for table 22: Number and percent of persons who were victims of serious crime, by demographic characteristics of victims, 2018 and 2019
Victim demographic characteristicNumber of victimsPercent of persons
2018201920182019
Total185,193129,1330.064%0.045%
Sex
Male111,65579,7910.079%0.059%
Female97,91374,9600.0660.051
Race/ethnicity
White126,13798,2230.069%0.054%
Black69,20950,4120.2010.149
Hispanic88,93764,8330.1810.131
Asian16,23534,3770.0920.198
Other29,98323,7390.4500.318
Age
12-1751,15736,1810.198%0.144%
18-2442,98347,6130.1410.156
25-3462,05053,2060.1320.116
35-4971,12047,4580.1080.076
50-6463,88149,2290.1010.077
65 or older44,03939,2060.0830.074
Marital status
Never married101,53373,5900.101%0.074%
Married83,12675,3100.0620.057
Widow/widower27,54620,6110.1780.135
Divorced45,50136,1420.1570.128
Separated22,90017,7310.4310.348
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. APPENDIX TABLE 26 Standard errors for table 23: Percent of violent victimizations reported to police, by completed, attempted, and threatened crimes, 2015-2019
Violent crime20152016201720182019
Total2.79%2.22%2.18%2.26%2.26%
Completed4.083.523.433.353.58
Attempted3.943.263.113.273.23
Threatened3.762.872.942.882.92
Note: Standard errors differ from those previously published in the Criminal Victimization, 2018 report because a coding error that affected the generation of those earlier estimates has been corrected. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 47 3502-022 Page 47 of 53 EFTA_00001593 EFTA00156934 ## APPENDIX TABLE 27 Standard errors for table 24: Number and rate of violent victimizations, by victim’s veteran and citizenship status, 2018 and 2019
Victim veteran and citizenship status20182019
NumberRate per 1,000NumberRate per 1,000
Total violent victimizationsa343,7451.25295,2871.07
Veteran status
Veteran57,8833.0354,4742.86
Non-veteran349,0321.51310,4411.33
Citizenship status
U.S. citizen396,8061.54354,6321.36
U.S.-born citizen385,0791.63345,6441.45
Naturalized U.S. citizen45,3581.9338,3821.62
Non-U.S. citizen37,2952.3045,9152.93
U.S.-born385,0791.63345,6441.45
Foreign-born66,0711.6766,6351.69
aStandard errors for the total victimization numbers and rates were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate standard errors for the rest of the table. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019.
20182019
Total violent incidents341,914305,087
Firearm incidents62,90963,778
Total violent victimizationsa343,745295,287
Firearm victimizations67,15567,676
Rate of firearm victimization0.240.24
Firearm victimizations reported to police
Number50,63648,467
Percent5.23%5.42%
aStandard errors for the total violent victimization numbers were calculated using the Balanced Repeated Replication method of direct estimation. Generalized variance function parameters were used to calculate standard errors for the rest of the table. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018 and 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 29 Standard errors for table 26: Percent and number of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by total population and victim and offender demographic characteristics, 2019
Demographic characteristicNumber of violent incidentsPercent of violent incidents
OffenderVictimOffenderVictim
Standard error95% confidence intervalStandard error95% confidence interval
Total149,288149,288~~~~~
Sex
Male143,543105,5932.65%78.94%89.33%3.37%43.30%
Female40,946105,8282.028.9116.843.3843.47
Both male and female offenders16,345~0.901.234.74~~
Race/ethnicity
White92,614113,9603.53%40.75%54.58%3.39%49.22%
Black59,78241,0212.8619.1630.381.908.30
Hispanic56,89363,0022.7717.5628.412.6417.96
Asian5,78012,4720.350.001.240.650.51
Other15,67129,5370.931.194.831.444.40
Multiple offenders of various races8,338~0.510.042.03~~
Age
11 or younger6,871~0.43%0.00%1.59%~~
12-1739,77342,8732.159.3217.751.97%9.01%
18-2974,52779,1033.2928.6541.563.0326.58
30 or older90,182112,2123.5439.7053.573.3947.96
Multiple offenders of various ages18,361~1.091.836.12~~
~Not applicable. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 48 3502-022 Page 48 of 53 | EFTA_00001594 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text: "EFTA_00001594". EFTA00156935 ## APPENDIX TABLE 30 Standard errors for table 27: Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender sex, 2019
Offender sex
Victim sexNumber of violent incidentsMaleFemaleBoth male and female
Total142,4162.41%1.90%0.87%
Male98,0393.072.221.27
Female103,4653.552.921.12
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 31 Standard errors for table 28: Number of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsOffender race/ethnicity
WhiteBlackHispanicOther
White105,81277,97728,46935,63412,393
Black35,9658,62530,6558,0945,118
Hispanic55,41121,10024,30433,9146,522
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey 2019.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 32 Standard errors for table 29: Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019
Offender race/ethnicity
Victim race/ethnicityNumber of violent incidentsWhiteBlackHispanicOther
White105,8124.21%2.62%3.11%1.26%
Black35,9654.306.774.072.68
Hispanic55,4114.815.276.091.77
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019.
## APPENDIX TABLE 33 Standard errors for table 30: Percent of violent incidents excluding simple assault and percent of the U.S. population, by victim and offender race or ethnicity, 2019 Percent of violent incidents committed by offenders
Victim race/ethnicityOf the same race/ethnicityOf another race/ethnicity
Standard error95% confidence intervalStandard error95% confidence interval
Lower boundUpper boundLower boundUpper bound
White4.21%55.34%71.83%4.01%28.55%44.28%
Black6.7764.6491.186.319.7134.47
Hispanic6.0935.0858.966.1440.9565.01
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019.
49 CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 49 of 53 | EFTA_00001595 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text: "EFTA_00001595". EFTA00156936 ## APPENDIX TABLE 34
Demographic characteristic20152016201720182019
Total persons age 12 or older269,526,470272,204,190272,468,480275,325,390276,872,470
Sex
Male131,173,670132,525,350132,432,710133,907,490134,693,660
Female138,352,800139,678,840140,035,770141,417,890142,178,810
Race/ethnicity
Whitea173,043,610172,882,890171,454,370171,493,180171,423,480
Blacka33,242,33033,623,82032,699,52033,132,39033,397,100
Hispanic43,314,49044,470,95045,481,91046,997,61047,890,870
Asiana14,663,50015,719,02016,582,08017,228,93017,401,410
Othera,b5,262,5405,507,5106,250,6006,473,2806,759,600
Age
12-1724,826,11025,043,61024,911,17024,917,16024,941,440
18-2430,504,25030,301,00029,883,55029,838,72029,646,500
25-3443,693,96044,303,05044,327,50044,946,88045,289,720
35-4960,928,42061,158,07060,878,87061,429,05061,483,410
50-6463,004,57063,332,41062,955,63062,940,81062,643,880
65 or older46,569,15048,066,05049,511,76051,252,78052,867,520
Marital statusc
Never married93,289,06095,415,23096,211,12097,152,92097,943,560
Married127,167,850127,704,070127,923,650128,744,200129,699,090
Widow/widower14,779,49015,053,02014,832,94015,166,01015,160,640
Divorced27,084,68027,189,41026,776,25027,360,57027,184,390
Separated5,124,5205,022,0504,937,2905,129,6004,970,250
aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). b Includes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. cDoes not sum to total due to missing data. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. ## APPENDIX TABLE 35 ## Household population size, 2015-2019
20152016201720182019
Total131,962,260133,365,270123,085,790124,824,660126,433,890
Note: The 8% decline in the household population from 2016 to 2017 is due to an adjustment that modified the household weights, not to a decline in number of households. See *Methodology* for details. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2015-2019. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 50 3502-022 Page 50 of 53 | EFTA_00001596 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156937 ## APPENDIX TABLE 36 A AND B # Table 36A: Urban places under the new NCVS definition that are listed in the name of a 500,000-person, Census-designated urbanized area
City or Census-designated place (CDP)housing unit density per square mile2010 populationLand area (square miles)Urbanized areaUrbanized area population
New York, N.Y.29,3458,175,133303New York–Newark, N.Y.-N.J.-Conn.18,351,295
San Francisco, Calif.17,316805,23547San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.3,281,212
Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii13,756337,25661Urban Honolulu, Hawaii802,459
Boston, Mass.12,708617,59448Boston, Mass.-N.H.-R.I.4,181,019
Chicago, Ill.11,4292,695,598228Chicago, Ill.-Ind.8,608,208
Washington, D.C.10,115601,72361Washington, D.C.-Va.-Md.4,586,770
Miami, Fla.9,887399,45736Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Philadelphia, Pa.9,7061,526,006134Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.-Del.-Md.5,441,567
Newark, N.J.8,788277,14024New York-Newark, N.Y.-N.J.-Conn.18,351,295
Los Angeles, Calif.6,9613,792,621469Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Long Beach, Calif.6,882462,25750Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Seattle, Wash.6,798608,66084Seattle, Wash.3,059,393
Oakland, Calif.6,778390,72456San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.3,281,212
Baltimore, Md.6,251620,96181Baltimore, Md.2,203,663
Hartford, Conn.5,304124,77517Hartford, Conn.924,859
Minneapolis, Minn.4,942382,57854Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.2,650,890
Bridgeport, Conn.4,874144,22916Bridgeport-Stamford, Conn.-N.Y.923,311
Providence, RI.4,790178,04218Providence, RI.-Mass.1,190,956
Buffalo, N.Y.4,658261,31040Buffalo, N.Y.935,906
Albany, N.Y.4,58497,85621Albany-Schenectady, N.Y.594,962
Pittsburgh, Pa.4,560305,70455Pittsburgh, Pa.1,733,853
Millwaukee, Wis.4,503594,83396Millwaukee, Wis.1,376,476
Denver, Colo.4,457600,158153Denver-Aurora, Colo.2,374,203
Stamford, Conn.4,444122,64338Bridgeport-Stamford, Conn.-N.Y.923,311
Allentown, Pa.4,397118,03218Allentown, Pa.-N.J.664,651
New Haven, Conn.4,331129,77919New Haven, Conn.562,839
New Orleans, La.4,139343,829169New Orleans, La.899,703
San Diego, Calif.4,0911,307,402325San Diego, Calif.2,956,746
Portland, Ore.3,924583,776133Portland, Ore.-Wash.1,849,898
St. Louis, Mo.3,909319,29462St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.2,150,706
Rochester, N.Y.3,891210,56536Rochester, N.Y.720,572
Cleveland, Ohio3,726396,81578Cleveland, Ohio1,780,673
Dallas, Texas3,6281,197,816341Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, Texas5,121,892
Salt Lake City, Utah3,351186,440111Salt Lake City-West Valley City, Utah1,021,243
San Jose, Calif.3,261945,942177San Jose, Mo.-Ill.1,664,496
Detroit, Mich.3,223713,777139Detroit, Mich.3,734,090
Attanta, Ga.3,166420,003133Atanta, Ga.4,515,419
Cincinnati, Ohio3,120296,94378Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind.1,624,827
Concord, Calif.3,068122,06731Concord, Calif.615,968
Houston, Texas3,0062,099,451600Houston, Texas4,944,332
Criteria by which a place was classified as urban (coding at right): The main city (or Census-designated place) in a 500,000-person urbanized area, with a weighted housing-unit density of 3,000+ per square mile within the city limits. A named city (or Census-designated place) in a 500,000-person urbanized area, with a weighted housing-unit density of 4,000+ per square mile within the city limits. A city (or Census-designated place) with a population of 50,000+ and a weighted housing-unit density of 5,000+ per square mile within the city limits. A city (or Census-designated place) with a population of 10,000+ and a weighted housing-unit density of 10,000+ per square mile within the city limits. Note: A place’s boundaries may not be entirely contained within the urbanized area listed. Note: A place’s boundaries may not be entirely contained within the urbanized area listed. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and Census designations of urbanized areas. CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION, 2019 | SEPTEMBER 2020 3502-022 Page 51 of 53 51 EFTA_00001597 EFTA00156938
City or Census-designated place (CDP)Weighted housing unit density per square mile2010 populationLand area (square miles)Urbanized areaUrbanized area population
Guttenberg, N.J.29,17111,1760.2New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Hoboken, N.J.25,87050,0051New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
West New York, N.J.21,76349,7081New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Union City, N.J.20,47766,4551New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Jersey City, N.J.13,837247,59715New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Cliffside Park, N.J.12,00123,5941New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Mount Vernon, N.Y.8,81167,2924New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
East Orange, N.J.8,76364,2704New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Bayonne, N.J.8,26363,0246New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Yonkers, N.Y.7,930195,97618New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Elizabeth, N.J.7,468124,96912New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Passaic, N.J.7,42469,7813New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
Patterson, N.J.6,739146,1998New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
White Plains, N.Y.5,67156,85310New York-Newark, N.Y.-NJ.-Conn.18,351,295
West Hollywood, Calif.14,34334,3992Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Santa Monica, Calif.8,29689,7368Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Hawthorne, Calif.7,93084,2936Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Huntington Park, Calif.6,26058,1143Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Glendale, Calif.6,103191,71930Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Inglewood, Calif.5,640109,6739Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Redondo Beach, Calif.5,58366,7486Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Calif.12,150,996
Oak Park, Ill.6,92051,8785Chicago, Ill.-Ind.8,608,208
Berwyn, Ill.5,86356,6574Chicago, Ill.-Ind.8,608,208
Evanton, Ill.5,55374,4868Chicago, Ill.-Ind.8,608,208
Sunny Isles Beach, Fla.22,23320,8321Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Miami Beach, Fla.17,06387,7798Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Hallandale Beach, Fla.15,33237,1134Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Aventura, Fla.14,55335,7623Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Key Biscayne, Fla.11,25212,3441Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Fountainbleau CDP, Fla.7,02359,7644Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Hialeah, Fla.5,267224,66921Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Hollywood, Fla.5,009140,76827Miami, Fla.5,502,379
Wilmington, Del.5,91970,85111Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.-Del.-Md.5,441,567
Arlington CDP, Va.10,485207,62726Washington, D.C.-VA-Md.4,586,770
Huntington CDP, Va.10,43011,2671Washington, D.C.-VA-Md.4,586,770
Alexandria, Va.7,714139,96615Washington, D.C.-VA-Md.4,586,770
Silver Spring CDP, Md.6,13571,4528Washington, D.C.-VA-Md.4,586,770
Cambridge, Mass.10,377105,1626Boston, Mass.-NH-R.I.4,181,019
Somerville, Mass.9,77075,7544Boston, Mass.-NH-R.I.4,181,019
Brookline CDP, Mass.8,40358,7327Boston, Mass.-NH-R.I.4,181,019
Lynn, Mass.5,98590,32911Boston, Mass.-NH-R.I.4,181,019
Malden, Mass.5,43259,4505Boston, Mass.-NH-R.I.4,181,019
Berkeley, Calif.7,377112,58010San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.3,281,212
Daly City, Calif.5,435101,1238San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.3,281,212
Lakewood, Ohio7,07952,1316Cleveland, Ohio1,780,673
Waimalu CDP, Hawaii11,40213,7302Urban Honolulu, Hawaii802,459
Lancaster, Pa.6,07859,3227Lancaster, Pa.402,004
Trenton, NJ.5,26484,9138Trenton, NJ.296,668
Reading, Pa.6,32688,08210Reading, Pa.266,254
Criteria by which a place was classified as urban (coding at right): The main city (or Census-designated place) in a 500,000-person urbanized area, with a weighted housing-unit density of 3,000+ per square mile within the city limits. A named city (or Census-designated place) in a 500,000-person urbanized area, with a weighted housing-unit density of 4,000+ per square mile within the city limits. A city (or Census-designated place) with a population of 50,000+ and a weighted housing-unit density of 5,000+ per square mile within the city limits. Note: A place’s boundaries may not be entirely contained within the urbanized area listed. A city (or Census-designated place) with a population of 10,000+ and a weighted housing-unit density of 10,000+ per square mile within the city limits. *place’s boundaries may not be entirely contained within the urbanized area listed.* Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019; and 2010 Census of Population and Housing and Census designations of urbanized areas. 3502-022 Page 52 of 53 | EFTA_00001598 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown representation of the provided image, preserving the original layout with headings, paragraphs, and formulas as they appear. No additional content has been added or removed. EFTA00156939 The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jeffrey H. Anderson is the director. This report was written by Rachel E. Morgan and Jennifer L. Truman. Erika Harrell and Alexandra Thompson verified the report. Amy Lauger also contributed to verification. Theodore Robinson edited and produced this report. Edrienne Su and Carrie Epps-Carey provided editorial and design assistance. September 2020, NCJ 255113 NCJ 255113 Office of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice www.ojp.gov | EFTA_00001599 | | :--- | :--- | This is a simple Markdown document with no headings, paragraphs, or tables. It contains just one line of text. EFTA00156940